fu zi 附子

fu zi 附子;   chuan wu 川烏；tian xiong 天雄
Pharmaceutical name英文药名：
Radix  Aconiti  Lateralis Preparata
Latin botanical name拉丁學名：
Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.(fu zi, chuan wu 附子﹐川烏)
Typhonium giganteum Engl. (bai fu zi 白附子)
Aconitum coreanum (Lėvl.) Raipaics  ( 黃花烏頭(關白附) )
Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.  (草 烏 )
Common Name: aconite
Distribution分佈：
Sichuan, Shaanxi
四川，陕西。
Properties (characteristics)性味﹕
acrid, hot, toxic
辛﹐熱﹐有毒。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經﹕
heart, kidney , spleen
心﹐腎﹐脾。
Actions & Indications主治：
to restore yang, to improve fire, and to disperse cold.
Being used in:  sweating profusely with body temperature dropping; muscle spasm in cholera; instant sweating, afraid of cold in cases of yangxu (yang deficient); pain and cold in chest and abdomen, chronic diarrhea due to pixu (spleen deficient), chronic muscle or joint pain due to wind cold dampness, tightness and pain in joints and muscles; edema and coldness in the lower legs due to shenyangxu (kidney yang deficient).
大 汗 亡 陽 ， 四 肢 厥 逆 ; 霍 亂 轉 筋 ;
陽 虛 畏 寒 自 汗 , 心 腹 冷 痛 ; 脾 虛久泄;
風 寒 濕 痺 ， 拘 攣 疼 痛 ; 腎 陽 不 足 以致 腳 氣 ，水 腫 等  。
將附片用細砂炒炮，研細粉備用。凡遇身涼脈絕的垂危病人，急將附片粉5克開水沖服，與此同時另用復方煎劑回陽固脫，益氣救急，這是治療急証的有效方法 (《長江醫話》"附子煎藥方法談") 。
Medical Function藥理﹕
sedative effect
analgesic effect
anti inflammatory effect
anti cancer effect
heart stimulating effect
鎮痛
鎮靜
抗癌腫
抗炎
強心
Chemical ingredients of fu zi:
Hypaconitine, aconitine, mesaconitine, talatisamine, chuan-wu-base A, chuan-wu base B, carmichaeline, atisines, aminophenols, demethylcoclaurine, higenamine.
Dosage一般用量﹕
1.5 to 12 g per day. If using large dosage, boil this herb first before adding other herbs to lessen the toxicity..
五分至三錢。如用大劑量，先煎可減低毒性。*
Samples of formulae~
For weakness with shenyangxu syndrome: jin gui shen qi wan
For cardiac exhaustion: si ni tang
腎陽虛者用： 金櫃腎氣丸
心臟衰竭用： 四逆湯
Modern Research: to be loaded
Cautions注意﹕
This is a very toxic herb, especially in raw form.
When using large dosage, to lessen toxicity, soak herb in water till thoroughly wet and simmer herb in water for 4 to 6 hours. But, simmering the herb for long time also can reduce it cardiac stimulating effect.
Do not use if the syndrome  is not cold and weak. Ingesting it is fatal if it is  re jue syndrome. *
Not to use in case of pregnancy.  Not compatible with ban xia, gua lou,
附子有大毒。用大劑量時，可先將附子以水浸透﹐慢火煎4 ~ 6 小時﹐以減低毒性。但煎久後， 會降低其强心作用。
凡非虛寒證﹐寒濕證者忌用（陰虛陽盛或假寒真熱﹐陰虛內熱者）熱厥入咽即斃*﹐孕婦忌服。
反半 夏﹐瓜蔞﹐白 蘞﹐白芨﹐貝 母，畏犀角。
如以生品外用，皮膚潰破者忌用。


*Today many fu zi growers are using a speed up method in processing the herb and render it not very effective. Many practitioners are avoid using them. Usually the translucent and clear and beautiful looking slices of the herb are the ones to avoid.
*近代不少種附子的農家為了减短附子上市時間，用速成處理加工法，其成品效力打减，以致很多中醫避免用附子。一般半透明，樣子好看的附子片，可能是用速成加工的。
According to the preparation processes, the end products are:
yan fu zi, 鹽附片
hei shun pian, 黑順片
bai fu pian 白附片 (not bai fu zi).
Bai fu zi is from the root of Typhonium giganteum Engl. It is mainly being used in Bell's Palsy. It does not has the effect of increasing kidney yang in alleviating cold like chuan fu zi.
Now, the name chuan wu and fu zi are being used interchangeably in most of the herb stores.
Tian xiong (天雄) is fu zi or cao wu that are long and thin. It is also call bai mu (白幕).
And:
川烏，與附子來自同一植物，性味功用均相近。現在藥房中已不分開。
天雄: 異名白幕。為附子或草烏頭之形長而細者。
根據炮制加工工藝不同﹐產品有﹕“鹽附子”﹐“黑顺片”和“白附片”三種。
白附子是另外一種植物。其學名為 Typhonium giganteum Engl. 。其性能祛風燥痰，偏用於頭面風痰之疾，如顏面神經麻痹口眼歪斜（吊線風）等。白附子無助腎陽的作用。其不同於 川附子。川附子能助腎陽﹐而有回陽逐寒作用。
按此看白附子篇。
手足厥逆:  又稱厥冷,是指四肢由於手足冷至肘,膝的症狀。一般冷至 手腕,足踝的稱手足厥冷;冷至肘,膝的手足厥逆。
熱厥症 状：神昏惊悸，身熱氣粗，汗出如油，手足厥冷，脉洪大而数或脉伏；
寒厥症状：大汗淋漓，畏寒厥冷， 氣微神昧，面白唇青， 脉散大無倫，或沉细欲绝。
附子應用注意：
*使用制附子小劑量(15-20克)，不需先煎久煎，與它藥同煎3O分鐘即可，經過臨床應用，"未發現中毒現象，而且療效較好。"  當然大劑量使用時，仍以先煎久煎為好 (《中醫雜志》87年12期) 。

rou gui 肉桂/ gui zhi 桂枝

Pharmaceutical name英文药名：
Ramulus Cinnamomi Cassiae
Latin botanical name拉丁學名：
Cinnamomum cassia Blume
Cinnamomum Ioureiru Nees.
Common Name英文名：
cinnamon twig (gui zhi), cinamon bark (rou gui)
Distribution分佈：
Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian provinces of China, southeast Asia,
south Asia, and India.
廣東，廣西，云南，福建，東南亞，南亞，印度等地。
Properties (characteristics)性味：
gui zhi: acrid, sweet, warm.
rou gui: acrid, sweet, very warm.
桂枝: 辛 ， 甘 ，  熱 ．
肉 桂: 辛 ， 甘 ， 大 熱 ．
Channels (meridians) entered歸經：
heart, lung, bladder
心﹐肺﹐膀胱。
Actions & Indications主治：
1. tonic for stomach, rid of wind, to promote sweating, for headache, anemia,
2. cold limbs, to promote urination.
3. to promote lung qi, in chill and fever, cold phlegm, diarrhea, muscle spasm, 
4. headache, back pain, sweating, to stop easily being annoyed, strengthening
5. muscles and bones, promote circulation.
6. use in impotence due to shenyangxu (kidney yang deficient).
補胃，驅風止痛，發汗。用於頭痛，貧血，肢體冷，利尿。
補肺氣，感冒風寒表証，症見惡寒發熱、頭痛、 身疼、背痛，出汗，烦腦，容易發脾氣等。增進血液循環，增强筋骨。
用於腎陽虛所致之陽萎。
Medical Function藥理:
1. the ingredient cinnamaldehyde posseses antipyretic effect; promote sweating, diluting blood vessel of the skin. (if decoction is used when warm)
2. anti-spasm, relieves pain; inhibits CNS
3. inhibit the induced ulcers of laboratory rats; promotes bile secretion.
4. antibiotic effect
5. lowers blood sugar. (methylhydroxy chalcone polymer )
6. promote urination (if decoction is used when cooled.)
解 熱 作 用 :  桂 皮 醛 ( cinnamaldehyde ) 發汗,解熱，擴張皮膚血管，促進 汗腺分泌
鎮 痙 ，鎮 痛 作 用 : 有 抑 制 中 樞 神 經 作 用 。
對 於 消 化 系 統 之 影 響 : 對 於 大 白 鼠 拘 束 水 浸 胃 引 發 潰 瘍 有
抑 制 作 用 ， 促 進 膽 汁 分 泌 。
抗 菌 作 用 : 對 病 原 性 絲 狀 菌 有 抑 制 作 用 。
降血糖作用 (甲羥基查耳酮多聚體 MHCP)
利尿作 用。
Chemical Ingredients化學成份: 
桂皮醛（cinnamic aldehyde）(樹皮﹐bark:55 ~ 75%)
肉桂醇醋酸酯（cinnamyl acetate）
丁香酚  (eugenol) (樹皮﹐bark:5~20%; 葉﹐leaves70-90%),
乙醛 (aldehyde)
蒎烯  (pinene)
香豆素 (coumarin)
肉桂醇 （cinnamyl alcohol)
桂皮酸 (cinnamic acid)
苯麗酸乙酸,
桂二萜醇（cinnzeylanol),
乙酰桂二萜醇（cinnzeylanine).
香豆素（coumarins）
黃樟油素 safrol (葉﹐leaves<1%)
甲羥基查耳酮多聚體 (能增強脂肪細胞對胰島素的反應性) methylhydroxy chalcone polymer (MHCP),
(water-soluble polyphenol compound can increase glucose metabolism of fat cells.)
Dosage:
gui zhi:3-10 g per day for boiling.
ruo gui: 1-5 g used as powder form or added to the decoction when they are ready for use.
桂枝：每日量3～10克。
肉桂： 1～5 克作粉剤，或煎好後之湯加入。
Commonly Used formulae常用配方:
gui zhi fu ling wan 桂枝茯苓丸
gui zhi tang 桂枝湯
huang qi gui zhi wu wu tang 黃耆桂枝五物湯
dang gui shao yao san 當歸芍藥散
ma huang tang 麻黃湯
chai hu gui zhi tang 柴胡桂枝湯
chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang 柴胡桂枝乾薑湯
dang gui si ni tang 當歸四逆湯
huang qi jian zhong tang 黃耆建中湯
gui zhi fu ling wan 桂枝茯苓丸
gui zhi shao yao zhi mu tang 桂枝芍藥知母湯
shi quan da bu tang 十全大補湯　
Modern Research:
to be loaded
Cautions禁忌：
not to use in case of liver yang ascending, warm-febrile diseases, yinxu with heat,
heat in blood with vomiting. Use caution during pregnancy or excessive bleeding
during menses. Over dosage  may be toxic to the kidney and may cause bleeding
in the urinary tract.
Over cooking may lessen the effectiveness because of the evaporating oil which is 
part of the effective ingredients.
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamic aldehyde), a main ingredient of cassia oil, is the toxic ingredient.
因本品有效成份為其揮發油，故不耐久煎。久煎可减低藥效。
肝 陽上亢﹐瘟病﹐陰虛有熱﹐血熱嘔吐者忌用。懷孕或月經過多者小心應有。過量使用可能會對腎臟有毒﹔引起血尿。有毒成份為桂皮醛。
Note:
1. Gui zhi is from the young branches of cinnamon trees.
2. Rou gui is the thick bark of the trees. 
3. Usually rou gui is used in tonic while gui zhi is used for expelling wind and dampness but they can be used interchangeably.
桂枝: 樟科植物肉桂的嫩枝
肉桂: 樟科植物肉桂的皮
一般桂枝用於驅風。肉桂用於補剤。但可互相代替。

Formula 5 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain

Formula 5 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain/ Chinese Herbs Therapy


Syndrome:
脈浮弦 floating tight pulse
肝脈胃脈弦而有力 liver/stomach syndrome pulse tight and strong
舌干少津 dry tongue, lack of saliva
脈弦數 tight and rapid pulse
舌下瘀 sublingual blood stasis
白睛下螺旋紋 spiral grain below white-eye
舌尖紅 tip of tongue is red


Composition:
大柴胡湯甲 dachaihu tang A4g
黃連解毒湯 HLJD(Huang Lian Jie Du) tang 2g
何首烏 he shou wu 1.5g
附子(焙) fu zi(bei) 1g
厚朴 hou po 2g  
肉桂 rou gui 0.5g
荷葉 he ye 2g 
倉术 cang zhu 2g

cang zhu 蒼朮

cang zhu 蒼朮
Pharmaceutical name英文藥名﹕
Rhizoma Atractylodis
Latin botanical name拉丁名﹕
atractylodes lancea Thunb., ( 蒼朮 , 古蒼, 南蒼朮 )
Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz.  (北蒼朮)
Atractylodes japonica Koidz. Kitam （東蒼朮又名：關蒼朮. ）
Common Name英文名﹕
Sword like Atractylodes, Rhizome Chinese Atractylodes
Other Names:
shan cang zhu 山 蒼朮, qiang dou cai 槍頭菜, shan ci cai 山刺菜。
同屬植物東 蒼朮又名：關蒼朮
處方名：蒼朮, 茅朮, 茅蒼朮, 大蒼朮, 生蒼朮, 炒蒼朮, 
炒茅朮, 焦蒼朮, 蒼朮炭, 制蒼朮, 米泔水炒蒼朮等
Distribution分佈﹕
atractylodes lancea Thunb.: mainly produced in Jiangsu, Hubei, Henan, Anhui provinces of China.
Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz.  : mainly produced in Inner Mongoliak Hebei, Shanxi, Liangning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces of China.
南蒼朮：為 植物南蒼朮的干燥根莖。 主產 於江蘇﹐湖北﹐河南﹐安徽。 
北蒼朮：又名山蒼朮, 華蒼朮，為植物北蒼朮(槍頭菜, 山刺菜)的干燥根莖。主產於內蒙古, 河北, 山西, 遼寧, 吉林, 黑龍江等地。
Properties (characteristics)性味﹕
acrid, bitter, warm, aromatic
辛﹐苦﹐溫 ﹐芬芳。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經﹕
spleen, stomach, liver
脾﹐胃﹐肝 。
Actions & Indications:
for treatment of yeast infection and dries dampness and flatulence; strengthens the digestion; expels wind-dampness; for diarrhea with vomiting;  edema with fullness of the abdomen; induces sweating in patients unable to sweat;  headaches, body aches, solar plexus pain, and pain in extremities due to wind-cold-dampness, and edema in lower limbs; headache of women due to deficiency, improves night vision and  diminishing vision.
Simmering cang zhu in water to release fragrance can help in getting rid of fungi and bacteria.
主治﹕消化不良，食慾不振，胃脘滿悶，風濕﹐ 嘔吐泄瀉，浮腫腹脹，用于發汗﹔風寒濕痺，精 神不振，肢體無力，水腫脹滿，濕痰留飲，婦人虛冷頭痛﹐夜盲, 增進視力。
蒼朮加水。慢火煮沸使,释放出芳香味可殺菌消毒。
Medical Function藥理﹕
1. The diuretic effect is not obvious but it can increase the secretion ions of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the urine.
2. Effect on blood sugar: alcohol extract of cang zhu  can maintain the lowering of blood sugar of regular rabbits.
3. Effect on the inhibiting of CNS: the mixture of the essential oils of  β-eudesmol, and hinesol possesses the effect of sedative on laboratory mice and it can prolong the sleep using hexobarbital sodium and it can inhibit spasm caused by electric shock. It also can help the delivery of carbon dust in the small intestines.
4. Anti-ulcer effect: the β-eudesmol of cang zhu can inhibit the secretion of stomach acid and can inhibit ulcer.
一. 利尿作用：雖利尿作用不明顯，但能增加小便中鈉, 鉀, 氯各離子 排泄。
二. 對於血糖之影響：蒼朮之醇抽取物對於正常兔之血糖有持續性下降作用。 
三. 中樞抑制作用：蒼朮之精油成分按葉醇(β-eudesmol)，茅朮醇(hinesol)之混合抽取物，對於小白鼠有鎮靜作用，能延長己巴 比妥鈉(hexobarbital sodium)之睡眠時間及抑制電擊痙攣作用，並能促進小腸內炭末輸送作用。
四. 抗潰瘍作用:蒼朮桉葉醇可抑制組織胺性胃酸分泌，抗潰瘍作用。
Chemical ingredients化學成份﹕
atractylol 蒼朮醇, hinesol 茅朮醇, β-eudesmol β-按 葉醇。  β-selinene β-芹子烯, elemol 欖香醇, 3β-acetoxy-attractylol 乙醯氧基-蒼朮醇 。Vitamin A type of substance 维生素樣物质, Vitamin B 维生素 已,   inulin 菊糖。
From another study:
Atractylodes lancea Thunb contains 5~9% of essential oil. The main ingredients of the oil consist of atractylo, hinesol), β-eudesmol etc.
Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. contains 1.5% of essential oil. The main ingredients of the oil consist of atractylol, atractylone, hinesol,  β-eudesmol etc.
Atractylodes japonica Koidz. Kitam contains  1.5% of essential oil. The main ingredients of the oil consist of atractylol, atractylone, hinesol,  β-eudesmol, atractylodin, atraetylin, atractylone etc.
據中藥網﹕
南蒼朮 根莖含揮發油約5～9%。油的主要成分為蒼朮醇(atractylol), 茅朮 醇(hinesol), β-桉葉醇(β-eudesmol)等 。
北蒼朮根莖含揮發油1.5%，其主要成分為蒼朮醇 atractylol, 蒼朮酮(atractylone), 茅朮醇及桉葉醇等。
東蒼朮根莖含揮發油1.5%，其主要成分為蒼朮醇 茅朮醇(hinesol), β-桉葉醇, 蒼朮呋喃烴(atractylodin, atraetylin), 蒼朮酮 。
Dosage用量﹕
10  to 20 g. Concentrated extract 0.5 to 2 g.
10～20克 ﹔濃縮中藥：0.5～2 克
Modern Research現代研究﹕
lowering blood sugar, excretion of salts.
降血糖﹐排 鈉。
Cautions禁忌﹕
Not to use in case of yinxu (yin deficient) with heat and/or sweaty with qixu (qi deficient).
陰虛有 熱氣虛多汗者忌服 。
氣虛內熱，氣虛多汗者忌服。①《本草經集注》：“防風、地榆為之使。”②《藥性 論》： “忌桃、李、雀肉、菘菜 Brassica chinensis、青魚 (Mylopharyngodon piceu)”③《醫學入門 》：“血虛怯弱及七情氣悶者慎用。誤服耗氣血，燥津液，虛火動而痞悶愈甚。”④《本草經疏》：“凡病屬陰虛血少、精不足，內熱骨蒸，口乾唇燥，咳 嗽吐痰、吐血，鼻衄，咽塞，便秘滯下者，法咸忌之。肝腎有動氣者勿服。” ⑤《本草正》：“內熱陰虛，表疏汗出者忌服。”
Noted:
A report from Shanghai Donghua Hospital and others: Using ai ye disinfection incense, (made by Shanghai Everyday Chemical Products), which consists of 30% of cang zhu powder and 20% of ai ye powder, smoking 4 hours, can kill off β-Hemolytic streptococcus- A group﹐pneumonococcus﹐Hemophilus Influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus etc. Smoking 8 hours can kill off Pseudomonas aeruginosa)，and can inhibit the growth of Bacillus subtilis.
上海華東醫院等單位報導，用含艾葉的消毒香(上海日用化學品試制，含蒼朮粉30％，艾葉粉20％) 烟熏4小時能 殺滅乙型溶血性鏈球菌A群 （β-Hemolytic streptococcus- A group）﹐ 肺炎球菌 (pneumonococcus)﹐ 流感桿菌 (Hemophilus influenzae)和 金黄色葡萄球菌 （Staphylococcus aureus）等 ，烟熏8小時能殺滅綠膿桿菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa).， 并能抑制枯草桿菌 （Bacillus subtilis）的 生長。

he ye 荷葉

he ye 荷葉
Pharmaceutical name英文藥名﹕
Folium Nelumbinis Nuciferae
Botanical name學名﹕
Nelumbo Nucifera Gaertn.
Other Names別名﹕
xia 遐 ，lian ye 蓮葉.
Common Name英文名﹕
lotus leaves
Distribution產地﹕
throughout China
中國各地。
Properties(characteristics)性味﹕
bitter, slightly sweet, neutral
苦﹐微甜﹐平。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經﹕
heart, liver, spleen.
心﹐肝﹐ 脾。
Actions & Indications主治﹕
for~
fever, irritability, excessive sweating, scanty urine, diarrhea due to summer heat
edema,
dizziness,
diarrhea due to pixu,
stops bleeding in the urinary tract.
nose bleeding,
vomiting bleed
hypertension.
主治~
暑濕泄瀉，煩躁﹐尿少﹐出汗多
水氣浮腫
眩暈，
脾虛泄瀉
尿道出血
衄血，
吐血﹐
血壓高。
Dosage用量﹕
9 ~ 15 g. Can be up to 30 g when being used by itself or with a few herbs.
Toxicity & Cautions毒素與禁忌﹕
not to use in cases of bleeding due to cold or deficiency. No compatible with fu ling.

hou po 厚朴

hou po 厚朴, hòu pò 厚樸, chuan pò 川 樸
Pharmaceutical name英文药名：
Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis
Latin botanical name拉丁植物学名：
Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. ssp. biloba（Rehd. et Wils.）Law
Magnolia  obovata, Thunb. (produced in Japan)
Magnolia fargesii
Magnolia biloba (Rehd． Et Wils.) Cheng (凹葉厚朴)
Common Name英文名：
magnolia bark
Other Names别名：
shan he hua (山荷花)﹐ he hua po (荷厚樸) , he hua mu lan  (荷花木蘭)
Distribution産地：
Sichuan, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejian, Guangxi, Jiangxi. Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Anhui, Gansu provinces of China.
Magnolia biloba (Rehd． Et Wils.) Cheng is distributed in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Anhui, Guangxi provinces. Mainly produced in Sichuan, Hubei, Zhejiang, Guizhou, and Hunan provinces of China.
厚朴分布浙江，廣西，江西，湖南，湖北，四川，貴州，雲南，陝西，安徽，甘肅等地。
凹葉厚朴分布浙江，江西，安徽，廣西等地。主產四川，湖北，浙江，貴州，湖南。
Properties (characteristics)性味：
bitter, acrid warm and aromatic
味苦，辛﹐温，香。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經：
large intestine, lung, spleen, stomach
大腸，肺，脾，胃。
Actions & Indications主治：
transform phlegm and rids of dampness and stagnation in spleen and stomach indigestion, flatulence, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation.
具有燥濕消痰，下氣除滿之功能。
用於濕滯傷中，脘痞吐瀉，食積氣滯，腹脹便秘，痰飲喘咳。
Medical Function藥理：
the decoction in test tubes show that it had strong inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus
relaxing skeletal muscle effect
improves digestion, inhibits pain and sedative effect
anti-coagulation of platelets
anti-cancer
induces apoptosis in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells.
induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL)
本品煎劑在試管中，對金黃色葡萄球菌有很強的抑制作用。
鬆弛骨骼肌作用﹐
健胃﹐鎮痛﹐鎮靜，
抗血小板凝集，
抗癌，
和厚朴酚可使急性颗粒白血病细胞凋亡，
和厚朴酚可使慢性淋巴细胞白血病细胞凋亡。
Chemical ingredients化學成份：
1. Magnolol 厚朴酚, tetrahydromagnolol, isomagnolol, honokiol 和厚朴酚, Randainal, syringaresinol, syringaresinol 4-O-Beta-D-glucopyranoside, 6'-O-methyl-honokiol, magnaldehyde, B, C; magnolignan A, B, C, D, E.
2. Magnatriol B, magnaldehyde #, #,; Randaiol.
3. Magnolignan F, G, H, I.
4. Piperitylmagnolol, pipertylhonokiol, dipiperitylmagnolol, bornylmagnolol.
5. Eudesmol, alpha-pinene, Beta-pinene, p-cymene; 1, 4-cineol; alpha-limonene, carene-3, linalool, beta-bisabolene, terpinen-4-ol, alpha-terpineol, bornyl acetate, linalyl acetate, caryophyllene, alphe-humulene, alphe-copaene, aromadendrene, alloaromadendrene, alpha-cedrene, elemeol, Globulol, alpha-santalol, butylidenecyclohexane, guaiol, beta-guaiene, Cardinol, guaiazulene.
6. Magnocurarine
7. Sinapic aldehyde, 1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) -2 -(4_ (W-hydroxypropyl) - 2-methoxyphenoxy) propane-1, 3-diol.
Dosage用量：
3- 12 g;
hou pu hua (flower):3-6 g
Samples of formulae:
處方舉例：
hou pu san wu tang 厚樸三物湯
da cheng tang 大成湯 (外科正宗)
Modern Research现代研究：
One of the active chemicals. honokiol, can cause B-cells of lymphocytic leukemia into apoptosis. Honokiol does not ge destroyed by the digestive system readily. It can be effective in decoction.
厚朴酚能使到淋巴白學病之B细胞凋亡。厚朴酚不易被消化系统破壞，所以厚朴用於湯剤會有效。
Cautions禁忌：
Use caution during pregnancy.
It antagonizes ze xie and han shui shi (寒 水 石 ).
Large dosages and/or long term usage can be toxic to kidneys.
懷孕期間，小心應用。反澤 蘭或寒水石。大劑量或長期服用可能對腎臟有毒。

Formula 4 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain

Formula 4 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain/ Chinese Herbs Therapy


Syndrome:
脈浮弦 floating tight pulse
肝脈胃脈弦而有力 liver/stomach syndrome pulse tight and strong
舌干少津 dry tongue, lack of saliva
脈弦數 tight and rapid pulse
舌下瘀 sublingual blood stasis
白睛下螺旋紋 spiral grain below white-eye


Composition:
大柴胡湯甲 dachaihu tang A 4g
川七粉 powder chuan qi 2g
丹參 dan shen 1g
何首烏 he shou wu 1.5g
厚朴 hou po 2g
枸杞子 gou qi zi 1.5g
當歸 dang gui 1g
荷葉 he ye 2g
蒼术 cang zhu 2g

yin chen 茵陳

yin chen(mian) 茵陳(綿), yin chen(hao) 茵陳(蒿), yin chen(rong) 茵陳(絨)
Pharmaceutical name藥名﹕
Herba Artemisiae Yinchenhao
Common Name英文名﹕
capillaris
Distribution分佈﹕
Shaanxi, Shanxi, Anhui (A. capillaris), northeastern China, Hebei, Shandong (A. scoparia).
陝西﹐山西﹐安徽(A. capillaris)﹐東北部﹐河北﹐山東(A. scoparia)。
Properties (characteristics)﹕
bitter, acrid, cool
苦，辛，凉。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經﹕
liver, spleen, gallbladder, stomach
肝﹐脾﹐膽﹐胃。
Actions & Indications主治﹕
For:
Clears infection of liver and gallbladder and relieves jaundice
As antipyretic
Difficulty in urination
Boils and itchiness
Headaches
Leaves can be used for mosquito repellent.
濕熱黃疸，(肝臟﹐膽囊感染)
退熱
小便不利 ，
風癢瘡疥 ，
除頭痛
葉用來驅蚊蟲
Medical Function藥理:
to be loaded
Chemical Ingredients化學成份:
1. 6, 7-dimethoxycoumarin, scoparo ne[1], scopeletin[2],6-hydroxy-7-methylesculetin[3], capilarin[4].
2. capillarisin, 7-methylcapillarisin[5], 4'-methylcapillarisin, 6-demethoxycapillarisin, 6-demethoxy-4'-methyl-capillarisin[6].
3. areapillin[1], isoareapillin[8], cirsimauitin, cirsilineol, genkwanin[6], isorhamnetin, quercetin[9], rhamnocitrin[6], eupatolitin, hyperin, cacticin, isorhamnetin-e-glucoside[9], eupalitin, [3], 7-methyl-aromadendrin[4], rutin, quercetin-3-glucogalactoside, quercetin-3, 7-rutinosodigalactoside, kaempferol-e-glucogalactoside[16].
4. capillartemisin A, B; deoxycapillartemisin[8,11]; chlorogenic acid[12]; salicylic acid; azelaic acid; pyrogallol tannins[13]; oxalic acid.[14].
5. (1) capillen, O-methoxycapillen, capillin[15], capillianol, norcapillene[16], capillon[17], neocapillene[18], dehydrofalcarinone, dehydrofalcarinol; 1-phenyl-2, 4-hexa-dyne-1-ol[19].
   (2) alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, p-cymene, carene, alpha-terpineol, acetylborneol.[19].
       geraniol acetate; 1, 8-eucalyptol; 1-thujone; carvone; thujylalcohol[19].
   (3) beta-elemene; beta-caryophyllene; alpha-humulene[21], ar-curcumene[15].
       cadinene, caryophyllene epoxide[22].
   (4) eugenol[15], methyleugenol[23].
6.  p-hydroxy-acetophenone[13], methylhepthylketone[24], vanillin[20], butylaldehyde, furaldehyde[24].
7. beta-sitosterol[12], phytoestrogens, choline[12].
Dosage用量﹕
9 ~15 g
Commonly Used formulae常用配方:
yin chen hao tang (茵陳蒿湯)
Modern Research:
to be loaded
Cautions禁 忌 ﹕
not to use in qixu (qi deficiency) type of jaundice.
黃疸而有 氣虛症狀者 忌用 。

[n] see Research Librarian

Formula 3 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain

Formula 3 for Benign Neoplasm of Brain/ Chinese Herbs Therapy


Syndrome:
脈浮弦 floating tight pulse
肝脈/胃脈弦而有力 liver/stomach syndrome pulse tight and strong
舌干少津 dry tongue, lack of saliva
脈弦數 tight and rapid pulse


Composition:
大柴胡湯甲 dachaihu tang A 4g
黃連解毒湯 HLJD(Huang Lian Jie Du) tang 5g\
川七粉 powder chuan qi 2g
丹參 dan shen 1g
何首烏 he shou wu 1.5g
枸杞子 gou qi zi 1.5g
茵陳(綿) yin chen(mian) 1g
當歸 danggui 1g

he shou wu 何首烏

HE SHOU WU 何首烏,  ye jiao teng 夜交藤,   SHOU WU  首烏
Pharmaceutical name英 文 藥 名 ﹕
Radix Polygoni Multiflori
Distribution分 佈 ﹕
Henan, Hubei, Guangxi, Guangdong, Guizhou, Sichuan
河 南 ﹐ 湖 北 ﹐ 廣 西 ﹐ 廣 東 ﹐ 貴 州 ﹐ 四 川 。
Properties (characteristics)藥 性﹕
sheng shou wu (raw): astringent with some sweetness, mildly warm.
sheng shou wu (raw):bitter and with some sweetness, neutral.
制 首烏：甘﹐ 澀，微溫。
生 首烏：甘﹐ 苦，平。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經﹕
zhi shou wu (prepared): enters liver and kidney channels.
sheng shou wu (raw): enters liver, heart and large intestine channels.
制 首烏：歸肝﹐ 腎經。 
生首烏：歸心﹐ 肝﹐ 大腸經。
Actions & Indications主 治 ﹕
For yin deficiency or blood deficiency, treatment of hyperlipemia, neurasthenia, split personality, premature white hair, nerve injuries, skin wind rash,   and constipation.
For relieve of heat toxicity (re du), treatment of eczema, sores, carbuncles, goiter, scrofula and inflammation of lymph nodes.
Secure essence (jing), treatment of spermatorrhea, vagina discharge, vulvovaginitis.
For qi deficiency (qixu) and blood deficency, treatment of chronic malaria.
Leaves (ye jiao teng) for external use on boils to expel pus.
Ye jiao teng can be used in decoction for calming effect.
治 陰 虛  或 血 虛 而 有 高 血 脂﹐  神 經 衰 弱 ﹐精 神 分 裂 症 ﹐  鬍 鬚 頭 髮 早 白﹐ 神 經 受 傷 ﹐風 疹 ﹐ 便 秘 。
去 熱 毒 。 治 各種瘡癰﹐ 皮膚癢﹐ 蕁麻 疹 ﹐ 甲狀腺腫 ﹐ 淋巴結核﹐ 淋 巴 腺 發 炎 。
固 精 ﹐ 治 遺精﹐ 帶下﹐陰 戶 發 炎 。
治 氣虛 與 血 虛 而 有 長 期 瘧疾。 
葉 外 用 治 瘡 腫 。 排 膿 。 
夜 交 藤 煎 劑 有 鎮 靜 作 用 。 
Medical Function藥 理 ﹕
anti aging, improving immune system, alleviating serum cholesterol, reversing hardening of arteries, improving bowel movements, stimulating adrenal cortex, regulate epinephrine and norepenephrine, regulate blood sugar, protecting liver function, improving the development of red blood cells, inhibiting TB, diarrhea, influenza.
Chemical ingredients化 學 成 份 ﹕
polygoacetophenoside 夜交藤乙酰本甙
chrysophanol 大黄 酚
emodin 大黄素
rhein 大黄酸
emodin-6 大黄素-6
physcion 大黃素甲醚
chrysophanic acid 大黄酚
anthrone 蒽酮
b-sitosterol β-谷甾醇
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystibene-2O-b-D-glucoside 2，3，5，4’-四羟 基對苯乙烯-2-0-β-D-葡萄糖甙
quercetin-3-O-galactoside 槲皮素-3－O-葡萄糖甙
querctin-3-O-arabinoside 槲皮素-3-O-阿拉伯糖甙
lecithin 卵磷脂
3.1% of fat 脂肪 3.1%
45.2% of starch 澱粉 45.2%
Dosage用 量 ﹕
9 to 30 g
9~30克 。
Samples of formulae處方舉例：
For split personality: he shou wu 90g, ye jiao teng 90g, hong zao 2-6 pieces. Boil with water and use as tea.
For premature white hair: zhi he shou wu, shu di huang 30g each, dang gui 15g . Soak in 1000cc of rice wine for 10-15 days. Use 15-30 c.c. per day.
For nerve injuries: 30 g of he shou wu. Boil in water. Take in the  morning and at night for one month.
For malaria: he shou wu 12 g, gan cao 12 g. Make into decoction.
For blood deficient    : ren shen yang rong tang
精神分裂症﹕何首烏 90 克﹐ 夜交藤 90 克﹐紅 棗 2 至 6 枚。 水煎服。
按此看看 少年白髮 藥方
神經受傷﹕何首烏30克。水煎。分為二份。早晚各服一次。一個月為一療程。
瘧疾﹕何首烏 12 克﹐甘草  12 克。水煎服。
血虛: 按此看 人參養榮湯
Modern Research近代研究：
He shou wu powder can lower the blood cholesterol, triglyceride, b-lipoprotein (LDL) of high lipid animals. They were lowered by 89%, 42%, and 54% respectively. The triglyceride of the liver was lowered by 52%.
The ingredient of he shou wu, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystibene-2O-b-D-glucoside possesses a strong inhibiting effect on fatty liver formation, and liver damage of rats caused by oxidized corn oil. It also inhibits the elevation of serum ALT, AST and lipid peroxydation (LPO), and the damaging of the liver.
He shou wu can lower serum free fatty acid and lipid peroxydation.
In vitro studies showed that he shou wu can protect liver, anti fatty liver formation because  it can inhibit lipid oxydation and the destruction of liver cells.
He shou wu is being used in improving the function of the liver, in fatty liver,  and in viral hepatitis.
Among the the 4 different kinds of prepared he shou wu, raw he shou wu possesses the strongest property in eliminating free radicals. The strength of the different preparation in eliminating free radicals is in the the following order: raw he shou wu, soy bean prepared he shou wu, steamed he shou wu, and soy plus alcohol prepared he shou wu.
何首烏粉劑可使高脂動物血中膽固醇﹐ 甘油 三酯和β-脂蛋白分別 下降89%﹐ 42%和54%，肝中甘油三酯下降52%。
何首烏所含均二苯烯成分對過氧化玉米油 所致大鼠的脂肪肝和肝功能損害﹐ 肝臟過氧化脂質含量上升﹐ 血清谷 丙轉氨酶及谷 草轉氨酶升高 均有顯著對抗作用。
何首烏能使血清游離脂肪酸及肝臟過氧化 脂質顯著下降。
何首烏在體外試驗中也更進一步証明，其 保肝﹐ 抗脂肪肝作用是在於抑制過氧化脂質的產生及其對肝細胞的破壞。
何首烏有改善肝功能之功效，常用於各種 脂肪肝﹐ 病毒性肝炎。
中國人民解放軍總醫院藥劑科藥師等人利 用1，1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼法（DPPH法）對4種何首烏炮制品清除自由基的能力進行了 研究。結果表明， 4種何首烏炮制品 的抑制率由高到低排序為：生品>豆制品>清蒸品>豆加酒制品，生何首烏清除自由基的能力最強。(來源 ﹕中國醫藥報﹐2005﹐ 3月1日)
Cautions禁忌：
Use caution in cases of spleen deficient (pixu). Not to use in presence of phlegm or diarrhea due to shenyangxu.
There are report that this herb has cause liver inflammation in some patients.
脾虚者須小心應用。腎陽 虚而痰多者不宜用。有用何 首烏病患發生肝炎的報告 。
Beware注意﹕
"Ben he shou wu" sold along the roadsides in Taiwan is huang yao zi, not he shou wu and is toxic. It cannot be taken frequently. Most locally grown products are usually added a prefix of  "ben".
在 台灣常見路邊販賣的本何首烏，常是黃藥子。不是何首烏。黃 藥子有相當的毒性，不能常服。在台灣有人稱黃藥子為本首 烏。在台灣土產的常會加一個 "本" 字。  請參考另一網 站黃 藥子
Toxicity of huang yao zi (not he shou wu)
The roots of huang yao and ling yu zi (the pearly sprouts under the leaves) contain toxin.
Over- consumption can cause burning sensation of the mouth and tongue, dripping of saliva, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, constriction of pupils; if serious, cardiac paralysis, difficulty in breathing, coma and death.
Antidode: empty stomach, promote diarrhea, take egg white, or ge gen starch porridge, and activated carbon; drink cane sugar solution, or intra venous feeding of glucose solution. Taking mug bean soup or boil gang mei gen 250 grams with 5 bowls of water and simmer till 2 bowls and use as tea.
解救方法：洗胃，導瀉，內 服蛋清或葛粉糊及活性炭；飲 糖水或靜脈滴注葡萄糖鹽水，亦有用綠豆湯內服；或用岡 梅 根50克 ，用清水5碗 煎至2碗 飲服。

gou qi zi (fruit) 枸杞子

Pharmaceutical name英文藥名:
Fructus Lycii
Distribution分佈：
Ninxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia (L. barbarum), Hebei (L. chinense)
寧夏﹐甘肅﹐ 青海﹐內蒙 (L. barbarum), 河北 (L. chinense)
Properties (characteristics)性味：
sweet, neutral
甜﹐ 平。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經：
liver, lung, kidney
肝﹐肺﹐腎。
Actions & Indications主治：
nourishes and tonifies the liver and kidney; alleviates sore back, leg, and stomach; improves night vision, blurred vision, diabetes, premature white hair and consumption. The leaves and bark can be used for hot flashes and cough due to consumption.  The leaves can be used for tonifying deficiency and to get rid of anxiety, pain in joints and skin, and the toxin from boils.
有補腎，滋陰，養肝， 明目，益氣等功 效。適用於腎虧遺精，腰膝酸軟，頭暈目眩，兩眼昏花，糖尿病，鬚髮早白，虚勞。其葉與皮可用於陣 熱，勞咳。葉亦可用於補虚，去煩，關節或皮膚疼痛，瘡毒。
Medical Function:
improves and regulates immune system.
anti-aging properties  : a study on 43 healthy senior adults in which each ate 50 grams of qi zi continuously for 10 days (as a therapy period). The blood tests showed that immune indicators IgA, IgG and lymph cell conversion rate were elevated, cAMP increased, cGMP decreased. The ratios of cAMP/cGMP were elevated to healthy levels. Testosterone were elevated.
lowers blood lipids,
elevate level of testosterone
protects liver function, prevents fatty liver
contains anti-cancer properties
simulates estrogens
improves white blood cell counts during chemotherapy
fruit, stems and leaves can lowers blood sugar
fruit, stems and leaves can lower blood pressure
anti-oxidant
taking gou qi zi can increase the weight of the uteri of mature and immature mice.
enhance memory
its chemical ingredients lutein and zeaxanthin can prevent macula degeneration caused by free radicals or external causes.
improves condition of diabetic retinopathy
toxicity is minimal
藥理：
對機體免疫功能的作用 ﹕能顯著提高吞噬細胞的吞噬百分率和吞噬指數，還可提高因放 射療法或惡性腫 瘤所導致的免疫功能下降的患者的淋巴細胞轉化率，和吞噬細胞的吞噬率，以提高患者的免疫能力。
抗衰老之作用 ﹕曾實驗四十三 例無明顯疾病的志願老人，每日嚼服50g，連續十天為一療程，療程結束後抽血檢查，免疫功能指標可見IgA﹐IgG 和淋巴 細胞轉換率明顯提高，反應有向年輕化逆轉的傾向。
降血脂
促進高睪丸酮之分泌，起著強壯 的作用。
對肝臟的保護作用﹕枸杞水浸液 對四氯化碳引起的肝損害，有輕微的抑制脂肪在肝細胞內沈積，和促進肝細胞新生的作用。
抗癌作用
促進雌激素之分泌。
對造血系統的影響 ﹕枸杞可促 進造血機能恢復，臨床可以考慮與化療藥物合用，預防和緩解白細胞減少症。
枸杞 葉與枸杞子 都有降血糖作用
枸杞 葉與枸杞子 都有降血壓作用
對子宮的作用 ﹕枸杞子對未成 熟或成熟的小鼠，均有明顯的促進子宮增重的作用。
抗氧化作用
增強記憶力
其玉 蜀黍黄素與 葉黃素對於眼睛因為自由基或是外在因素所造成的視網膜黃斑部退化症有預防作 用
改善糖尿病的視網膜病變
毒性小
Chemical ingredients化學成份：
Betaine
甜菜碱
β-sitosterol
β-穀甾醇
linoleic acid
亞麻油酸
physalien
酸漿果紅素
cryptoxanthin
隱黃素
atropine
阿托品
hyoscyamine
莨菪鹼
scopoletin
香豆素
trace minerals
微 量 礦 物 質
amino acids
氨 基 酸
ash: 1.7%
其灰分约1.7%
Physalein:
酸漿红素
Zeaxanthin
玉蜀黍黄素
dipalmitate
雙棕櫚酸酯
Every 100 g of seed contains:
每100g枸杞子 含 ﹕
carotene
胡萝卜素3.96mg
lutein <30 µg
葉黃素 <30 µg
zeaxanthin 30 mg
玉蜀黍黄素 30 mg
thiamine
维生素B10.23mg 或稱硫胺素
riboflavin
维生素B20.33mg(核 黃素)
nicotinic acid
烟酸1.7mg
ascoric acid
维生素C3mg
calium 150mg
鈣 150mg
phosperous 67mg
磷67mg
iron 3.4mg
鐵 3.4mg
water extract pH5.5
浸出液pH5.5
According to AcДaHoB of Russia, the seed contain:
蘇 聯 AcДaHoB等分析, 種 子 含 :
fat 17.21%
脂肪油量為 17.21%
oil refractive Index: 1.4743
油折光率為 1.4743
total acidity: 1.28
酸價為 1.28
total iodine: 119.2
碘價為 119.2
sugar 22～52%
含總糖量22～52%
protein 13～21%
蛋白质13～21%
coarse fat 8～14%
粗脂肪8～14%
Dosage用量：
root, bark and fruit: 6 to 15 g per day.  
Leaves are used as a vegetable.
地骨皮，杞子：6 ～15克
葉作菜用。
For spermatorrhea: gou qi zi 6 g, wu wei zi 2 g, rou cong rong 2 g, ren sheng 2 g, fu ling 3 g, shu di huang 3 g, da zao 3 g, sheng jiang 2 g, gan cao 2 g. Cook in 600 cc of water and simmer to 300 cc. Make into 3 servings per day. (source He Han Yao Yin Yong Fang)
For improving sperm count and sperm activity: wu zi yan zong wan
For premature white hair: gou qi zi 15 g, rice 30 g. Make into porridge. Use daily. (folk formula)
For dry eyes and blurry eye sight: retinitis, glaucuma, geriatric cataract, optic nerves atrophy, detachment of retina, sequela of concussion, high blood lipids: qi ju di huang wan
遺精：枸杞子 6 克， 五味子  2 克， 肉從蓉 2 克，人参 2 克，茯苓 3 克，熟 地黄 3 克，大棗 3 克，生姜 2 克，甘草 2 克.。加水600毫升。煎成300毫 升。分三次服。（和漢藥應用方）
增强精 虫活性與數量：五 子衍宗丸
少年白 髮：枸杞子15克，米30克。煮成粥。每日服用。（民間驗方）
乾眼與視力 模糊：視網 膜炎 ，青光眼，老年性白內障，視神經乳頭炎，視神經萎縮，視網膜脫落等，腦震蕩後遺 症，高脂血症等 。：杞 菊地黃丸
Modern Research現代研究：
neuro-protective effect 保護神經系统 作用
Protective effect of Lycium barbarum on the cancer drug, Doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity [1]
Caution禁忌﹕
Not to use in cases external heat, (like swelling with inflammation), spleen deficient (pixu) with dampness and loose stool or diarrhea.
外部實熱﹐脾 虛濕滯及腸滑便溏者忌服。
Quality品質鑒別﹕
The better quality qi zi is from Zhong Ning Area.
Quality identification:
Shape: oblong--not round--but not thin.
Color: red or purplish red except for petals.
Petal area: obviously white. If artificial color has been added, the areas where the petals are will be tinted. Artificial coloring is a sign that the seed is of lower quality. Artificial coloring can be toxic.
Dryness: the water content should be about 12% to !3%. The seeds should not lump together. Test for dryness by  squeezing them together and then releasing pressure.  Good quality seeds should not lump together; they should become loose when the pressure is released.
Taste: sweet. The seeds should not taste acrid.
Smell: the smell is fragrant once the package is opened.
Sinking test: When dropped into water, the seeds should  float for sometimes and should not sink in a short time.
Watch for glister under the sun. It can be residue of alum or sulfur that has been sublimated from smoking where most sulfur has turned to sulfur dioxide and a small portion can be sublimated to the fruits. If alum has been added the herb feel coarse and dry to touch, and will taste tart or/and sour by licking the herb.
National Quality Inspection Agency of China has banned the use of sulfur dioxide to preserve the fruit.
中 寧枸杞辨認七法：
中寧枸杞已被引種到全國十五個省市自治區，但無論引種到何方，均由於缺少中寧所特有的種植枸杞子的土壤條件和地理環境，使中寧枸 杞同其他引種產 區生產出的枸杞產品外觀及營養成份含量上有明顯的區別。 
看果形：中寧枸杞呈橢圓扁長而不圓，呈長形而不瘦。
看果臍：中寧枸杞果臍白色明顯。
看頗色：顏色呈紅色或紫紅色。
看結塊：中寧枸杞乾果含水量在12％-13％之間，包裝不結塊，就是擠壓成塊，失壓後能 自動鬆散。
試下沉：中寧枸杞放入清水杯子中在短時間內不下沉。
品味道：中寧枸杞皮薄肉厚，口感純正，甘甜，無苦澀味和其它異味。
聞氣味：凡是中寧枸杞一旦打開密封的包裝就有一般特殊的香味。
中寧枸杞子辨 認资 料来源：摘自“美食導報”2002﹐11﹐15
國 家 質 檢 總 局 嚴 禁 用 硫 磺 加 工 。
補充﹕在 光照下，小心察看杞子上有無附著白色的結晶。那可能是浸過明礬水(對健康有害)﹔或是熏硫磺時﹐部份硫磺昇華結晶 於杞 子上。 浸過明 礬水的﹐觸 手會有僵硬﹐乾澀的感 覺﹔ 如輕舔藥材表面，會有酸﹐澀的味道。明礬 （硫酸鋁鉀(鉀鋁礬))的副作用可使鈣質與磷質流失而導致骨骼疏鬆，記憶減退。
看關於二 氧化硫處理過的乾貨。
The side effect of alum (aluminum potassium sulfate or aluminum sulfate) can include
calcium depletion through excretion (both urine and stool) caused by aluminum sulfate.
It can also depletes phosphorus in the normal body, and long-term use can bring phosphorus
down to an unnaturally low level which may cause adverse effect on memory.
中 文 化 學 成 份 來 源 ﹕ 浙 江 中 醫 大 學 。
Lutein and zeaxanthin help protect the eyes from damaging sunrays. As people get older, these carotenoids decline in the eyes, and may cause macular degeneration.
Note: Gou qi leaves are usually sold in Chinese grocery market as vegetable. The fresh leaves can be used as soup vegetable.
More info in Chinese. 中文網站。.
The following study has been published.
Neuroprotective effects of anti-aging oriental medicine
Lycium barbarum against beta-amyloid peptide neurotoxicity.
Yu MS, Leung SK, Lai SW, Che CM, Zee SY, So KF, Yuen WH, Chang RC.
Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy,
The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
As aged population dramatically increases in these decades, efforts should be made on the intervention for curing age-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Natural plant extracts of Lycium barbarum are well-known to exhibit anti-aging effects. We therefore hypothesized that they exhibit neuroprotective
effects against toxins in aging-related neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether extracts from L. barbarum have neuroprotective effects against toxicity of fibrillar Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(25-35) fragments. Primary rat cortical neurons exposed to Abeta peptides resulted in apoptosis and necrosis. Pre-treatment with extract isolated from L. barbarum significantly reduced the release of lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH). In addition, it attenuated Abeta peptide-activated caspases-3-like activity. The extract elicited a typical dose-dependent neuroprotective effect. Effective dosage of this extract was wider than that of a well-known western neuroprotective medicine lithium chloride (LiCl). We have further examined the underlying mechanisms
of the neuroprotective effects. In agreement with other laboratories, Abeta peptides induce a rapid activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by phosphorylation. Pre-treatment of aqueous extract markedly reduced the phosphorylation of JNK-1 (Thr183/Tyr185) and its
substrates c-Jun-I (Ser 73) and c-Jun-II (Ser 63). Taken together, we have proved our hypothesis by showing neuroprotective effects of the extract from L. barbarum. Study on anti-aging herbal medicine like L. barbarum may open a new therapeutic window for the prevention of AD.
PMID: 16139464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Note:
Abeta peptide (amyloid β peptides) is the precursor of β-amyloid which is toxic for the neurons.
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the inter-conversion of lactate and pyruvate. It is abundant in kidney, skeletal muscle, liver and myocardium and in other tissues..It appears in elevated concentrations when these tissues are injured.
c-Jun N-terminal kinase:
see Alzheimer's disease.
<<中國中醫藥科技>>2004年 第11卷 第02期 
作者: 張穎, 張立睦, 周紅英, 齊永秀, 蘇雪惠, 
期刊-核心期刊 QCode : zgzyykj200402018
目的:測定不同產地枸杞子中黃酮的含量.方法:以蘆丁為標准品,用分光光度法測定寧夏，河北，內蒙，山東枸杞子中黃酮的含量.結果:其平均含量分別為4853.Omg/kg，4993.3mg/kg，3613.0mg/kg，2680.0mg/kg;回 收率為100.9%;RSD為1.21%.結論:不同產地枸杞子中黃酮含量存在一定差異.
蘆丁 Rutin
異名：芸香甙 ,維生素 P, 紫槲皮甙,  Rutoside , Violaquereitrin
化學名： 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one ,3 -[(6-O-(6-deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D- glucopyranosyl ]oxy]-2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-
分子式及分子量： C27H30O16:610.51