Pharmaceutical name 英文药名：Radix RehmanniaeBiological name 拉丁名：
Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (huai qing di huang 淮慶地黃)var. huaichingens
Rehmannia. lutea Max. var. Purpurea Makino (筧橋地黃)
Common Name 英文名：rehmannia
Properties (characteristics) 性味：
sweet, bitter. Sheng di huang is cold and shu di huang is warm.
甜﹐苦。生地 黃寒。熟地黃溫。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經：
heart, kidney, and liver channels.
入心﹐腎﹐肝 經。
Actions & Indications 主治：
It is being used as a blood tonic usually for the weakness caused by tuberculosis, vomiting blood, nose bleeding, coughing blood, bleeding in the uterus.
一般作胃補血藥。用於肺痨衰弱，吐血，鼻血，咳血，子宫出血。
Medical Function 药理：
1. Medium dosages strengthen the function of the heart. Large doses are toxic for the heart.
2. Increases blood pressure.
3. Small doses constrict the blood vessels and large doses dilate the blood vessel.
4. It possesses the characteristics of diuretics.
5. It decreases the blood sugar and inhibits carbohydrates being converted into blood sugar.
6. treatment with hot water extracted Lycium barbarum and Rehmannia glutinosa (0.05% and 0.15% for each) for eight weeks protects against necrotic damage, indicated by decreases in plasma ALT and AST activities, and suppresses liver fibrosis by down-regulation of liver inflammation in rats with CCl(4)-induced liver injury.[1]
7. Treatment of hepatitis: there are clinical reports that di huang and gan cao combined either in intramuscular or oral application, have shown that it promote the recovery of liver function, especially the decrease of ALT were obvious and there were no local or systemic bad effect.
1. 中等剤量有强心作用。大剤量對心臟有毒。
2. 增加血壓。
3. 小剤量能收缩血管。大剤量能擴張血管。
4. 有利尿作用。
5. 降低血糖。能抑制碳水化合物變作血糖。
6. 以熱水水提取枸杞子，熟地黃0.05％和0.15％，餵給大鼠可防止四氯化碳導致肝臟壞死，降低血漿中ALT和AST活動，並抑制肝纖維化[1]。
7. 治療肝炎：臨床報道地黃和甘草合用，無論是肌注或口服對傳染性肝炎都有一定作用，促進肝功能恢復，尤以ALT下降顯著且無局部及全身不良反應。
Chemicals of di huang herb 地黃化學成份 (Source：Zhong Hua Ben Cao 中華本草)
Iidoids isolated from fresh di huang:
從鮮地黃分得的環烯醚萜甙有：
leonuride/ 益母草甙
aucubin/ 桃葉珊瑚甙
catalpol/ 梓醇
rehmannioside）A、B、C、D/ 地共同甙A、B、C、D
melittoside/ 美利妥雙甙
melittoside/ 都桷子甙
geniposide/ 都桷子甙
8-epiloganic acid/ 8-表馬錢子甙酸
ajugoside/ 艋骨草酸
6-O-E-feruloyl ajugol/ 6-O-E-阿魏酰基筋骨草醇
6-O-Z-feruloy6l ajugol/ 6-O-Z-阿魏酰基筋骨草醇
6-O-vanilloyl ajugol/ 6-O-香草酰基筋骨草醇
6-O-p-coumaroyl ajugol/ 6-O-對香酰基筋骨草醇
6-O-（4″-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside)/ 6-O-（4″-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李甙）
6-O-vanilloyl ajugol/ 6-O-香草酰基筋骨草醇
jioglutoside A、B/ 焦地黃甙A、B
Also contains sugar/ 又含糖類
D-glucose/ D-葡萄糖
D-Galactopyranose/ D-半乳糖
D-fructose/ D-果糖
sucrose/ 蔗糖
raffinose/ 棉子糖
stachyose/ 水蘇糖，含量最高，達64.9%。
Manninotriose/ 甘露三糖
verbascose/ 毛蕊花糖
Also contain 還含：
lysine/ 賴氨酸
histidine/ 組氨酸
arginine/ 精氨酸
sapartic acid/ 天冬氨酸
glutamic acid)/ 穀氨酸
threonine/ 蘇氨酸
serine/ 絲氨酸
gluycine/ 甘氨酸
alanine/ 丙氨酸
valine/ 纈氨酸
isoleucine/ 異亮氨酸
leucine/ 亮氨酸
tyrosine/ 酪氨酸
phenylalnine/ 苯丙氨酸
γ-aminobtyric acid/ γ-氨基丁酸
amino acid/ 氨基酸
glucosamine/ 葡萄糖胺
D-mannitol/ D-甙露醇
phosphoric acid/ 磷酸
β-siterol/ β-谷甾醇
daucosterol/ 胡蘿蔔甙
1-ethy-β-D-galactoside/ 1-乙基-β-D-半乳糖甙
adenoside/ 腺甙
non-organic elements/ 無機元素
Dosage 用量：
10 grams to 30 grams per day, boiled with water. Raw sheng di huang juice can be used on open wounds.
每日量：10~30克，水煎服。生地黃汁可用於傷口。
Samples of formulae 處方舉例：
shi quan da bu tang, 十全大補湯
liu wei di huang wan 六味地黄丸
zhi bai di huang wan 知柏地黄丸
Cautions 注意：
Use caution when using large dosages. Large doses has shown to be toxic for the heart of frogs.
Sheng di huang should not be used in cases of pixu with dampness, or in cases of yangxu, and in pregnant women with blood deficiency of pixu or weixu (stomach deficiency).
Shu di huang is less toxic and the side effects are mild.
The side effects can include diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, weakness, and palpitations.
大劑量可能對心臟有毒。
生地黃﹕脾 虛濕重，陽 虛，大便溏瀉者不宜用；中焦濕勝者要慎用為宜。懷孕期間有血 虛，脾胃虛弱不宜用。
熟地黃﹕熟地毒素較弱，但脾胃虛弱，痰多﹐中焦濕蘊，一般忌用熟地。
副作用包括腹痛，眩暈，無力，心律不整。
[1]Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(6):1173-91.
When di huang has been just prepared by drying, it is called sheng di huang. Sheng means raw.
When di huang has been prepared by steaming together with other herbs, it is called shu di huang. Shu means cooked.
(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)
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