ge gen 葛根/ ge hua 葛花
translated and edited by: Joe Hing kwok Chu
Present Day Applications現代應用﹕
being used in heart and brain diseases due to lack of blood circulation.
用于缺血性心腦血管疾病的治 療 。
Pharmaceutical name英文藥名﹕
Radix Puerariae
Flos Puerariae
Botanical name學名﹕
Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi;
Pueraria thunbergiana (S. etZ.) Benth.;
Pueraria hirsuta (Thunb.) Schneid.;
Pueraria pseudohirsuta Tang et wang
Pueraria thomsonii Benth.
Other Names別名﹕
gan gen 乾根﹐ gan ge gen 乾葛根
Common Name英文名﹕
kudzu root, pueraria
Distribution產地﹕
Hunan, Henan, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Southeast Asia, North America.
湖南,河南,廣東,浙 江,東南亞,北美洲等地。
Properties(characteristics)性味﹕
acrid, sweet, neutral
辛,甘,性平。
Channels (meridians) entered歸經 ﹕
spleen, stomach
脾﹐胃。
Medical functions藥理﹕
1. effect on smooth muscle: it contains ingredients that can contract and relax the smooth muscles
2. anti-diarrhea
3. effect on coronary blood vessels: relaxes the blood vessels
4. anti-arrhythmia
5. enhances the function of the heart
6. lowers blood pressure and lowers the resistance of peripheral blood vessels
7. beta energetic blocking effect
8. inhibits platelet coagulation
9. lower blood sugar
10. inhibits growth of cancer cells and induces differentiation of cancer cells. (Normally cancer cells do not differentiate, so it never loses its potential for growth. )
11. anti-oxidation
12. improves memory
improves eyesight
The following will be translated. If you need them in a hurry, consult our Research Librarian
藥理:
1. 對平滑肌的作用
葛根含有收縮和舒張平滑肌的成分。收縮成分可能是膽鹼,乙酰膽鹼和卡塞因R等物質,葛根的甲醚提取物中得到了鬆弛平滑肌的成分並證實為黃豆素和黃豆甙元,它們均能明顯對抗乙酰膽鹼引起的小鼠回腸收縮,其效力約為罌粟鹼的1/3。由於葛根以含黃酮類化合物為主,特別是大豆甙元具有抗乙酰膽鹼作用,所以葛根在臨床多用於解痙。
2. 對冠狀動脈的影響
葛根水煎劑,醇浸膏,總黃酮,葛根素均有明顯的擴張冠狀血管的作用。正常狗靜注30mg/kg總黃酮,其冠脈血流量增加40%,血管阻力降低29%,且這種作用隨劑量的增加而增加;總黃酮亦能對抗垂體後葉素引起的大鼠急性心肌缺血。葛根素的作用要強於總黃酮。從急性心肌缺血狗的右室旁路靜注葛根素15~20mg/kg/min,連續15min可使進入缺血區冠脈側枝血流量增加,非缺血區冠脈血流量亦增加。利血平給藥後,總黃酮和葛根素對冠脈循環的作用仍保持,表明其作用是對血管平滑肌的直接鬆弛作用。
3. 抗心律失常作用:葛根素,大豆甙元和葛根醇提取物對烏頭鹼,氯化鋇誘發的心律失常有明顯對抗作用。且醇提取物,大豆甙元的作用比葛根素強。葛根素還能明顯縮短氯仿-腎上腺素誘發的家兔心律失常時間,並明顯提高哇巴因引起的室性早搏和室性心動過速的閾值。作用機制可能是葛根成分影響細胞膜對鉀,鈉,鈣離子的通透性而降低心肌興奮性。
4. 對心臟功能和心肌代謝的影響:葛根總黃酮和葛根素對麻醉犬靜注,能使犬心率減慢,總外周阻力降低,心輸出量無明顯改變,而左室作功略減少,心肌耗氧量減少,心肌工作效率提高。對結扎冠狀動脈前降支形成急性心肌梗塞的麻醉犬,葛根總黃酮靜注,使血壓明顯降低,心率減慢,梗塞區返回血流稍有下降,動脈血氧無明顯改變,而冠狀竇和梗塞區靜脈血氧卻明顯增加。給急性心肌缺血狗靜注葛根素,可使主動脈壓顯著降低。張力-時間指數與左室壓力升高速度也同時降低。當主動脈壓調整到給藥前水平後,張力-時間指數與左室壓力升高速度也恢復到給藥的水平。以上結果提示,葛根總黃酮和葛根素對調整心肌對氧的供求平衡,提高心臟功能,改善梗塞心肌的代謝有良好作用。
5. 對血壓和外周血管的作用
葛根對正常和高血壓動物有一定的降壓作用。靜脈注射葛根浸膏,總黃酮,葛根素均能使正常麻醉狗的血壓短暫而明顯的降低。口服葛根水煎劑(2g/kg)或醇浸膏(2g/kg),總黃酮和葛根素對高血壓狗也有一定的降壓作用。腹腔注射葛根素及灌服葛根大豆甙元可分別使自發性高血壓大鼠的血漿腎素活性和血管緊張素顯著降低,血壓顯著下降,且作用強於對正常大鼠。麻醉犬靜注葛根總黃酮後,能使部分動物的腦血流量增加,但所有動物的血管阻力均下降,從麻醉犬的頸內動脈靜注葛根總黃酮和葛根素後,腦血流量增加和血管阻力降低更明顯。還能使乙酰膽鹼引起的腦內動脈擴張和去甲腎上腺素引起的引縮減弱,使處於異常狀態下的血管功能恢復到正常水平。靜脈注射葛根總黃酮和葛根素對股動脈血流量和血管阻力無明顯影響,但股動脈內注射可使血流量增加,股動脈血管阻力降低。
6. 對β-腎上腺素能受體的阻滯作用葛根素放射性配體結合分析表明:它能明顯降低大鼠心肌膜中β受體的最大結合量,抑制受體與標記配體結合,阻斷腎上腺素對北京鴨紅細胞膜中腺苷酸環化酶活性的激活作用,証明其為一種β受體拮抗劑。
7. 抑制血小板聚集作用
葛根素能抑制二磷酸腺(adenosinediphosphate)
(ADP)誘導的人和動物的血小板聚集,而對5-HT和ADP聯合誘導的人和動物血小板聚集,其抑制ADP誘導的大鼠血小板聚集的50%濃度為0.43mg/ml;對5-HT,ADP聯合誘導的人血小板聚集抑制50%濃度為2.7mg/ml,但葛根素對5-HT單獨誘導者無影響。另外葛根素還能明顯抑制由凝血酶誘導血小板中5-HT的釋放。
8. 降血糖作用。申竹芳等報道,葛根煎劑對正常家兔有輕微降血糖作用。葛根素(500mg)給四氧嘧啶高血糖小鼠灌服有顯著降血糖作用,250mg接近其最低效量,但250mg/kg/d葛根素加50mg/kg/d阿斯匹林組成的復方降糖作用明顯,且可維持24h以上,並能明顯改善四氧嘧啶小鼠的糖耐受量,明顯對抗腎上腺素的升血糖作用。
9. 抗癌及誘導癌細胞的分化作用
葛根中所含大豆甙元可抑制白血病細胞HL-60的增殖,使細胞由原始的早幼粒階段發育為趨向成熟的中幼粒,晚幼粒以及成熟的杆狀粒,分葉核細胞。實驗証明大豆甙元對HL-60細胞周期移行G1期阻斷作用,是HL-60細胞分化的誘導劑。但是大豆甙元單獨處理HL-60細胞,對細胞的誘導作用較弱,當大豆與乳香的有效成分Bc-4聯合應用時,對HL-60細胞的生長有明顯抑制和分化誘導作用。大豆甙元在10~20μg/ml濃度范圍內能夠明顯抑制黑色素瘤B16細胞的增殖,受藥物作用4d的B16細胞,克隆形成能力及體內成癌能力明顯降低,其原理是大豆甙元能明顯改變B16細胞的形成,誘導小鼠黑色素瘤B16細胞的分化。
10. 對免疫功能的影響
葛根提取物在動物體內能激活腹腔巨噬細胞(PMφ)的吞噬功能,可啟動picibanil(OK432)或脂多糖在動物血清中產生腫瘤壞死因子。杜德極體外用脂多糖刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬細胞分泌TNF及IL-1,用PHA刺激小鼠脾細胞分泌IL-2的方法來觀察葛根提取物對這些細胞因子分泌的影響。結果表明葛根提取物在0.08~2μg/ml濃度時,對LPS刺激巨噬細胞TNF的分泌無影響,而對LPS刺激PMφ分泌IL-1,PHA刺激脾細胞分泌IL-2有抑制作用。在10μg/ml時,對TNF,IL-1及IL-2的分泌均呈抑制作用。葛根制劑葛根湯可使主要吞噬碳粒的肝,脾臟的碳粒攝取能力增強。對免疫亢進的動物,葛根湯可使其細胞性免疫功能反應性恢復。葛根湯使巨噬細胞的異物吞噬功能增強,同時通過活化的巨噬細胞對細胞性免疫施以影響。
11. 抗氧化作用
葛根中分離精制的PG1(GP)及忙果甙(MF)可捕捉到DPPH基因,又可顯著抑制氧化損傷引起的紅細胞溶血,對微粒體的活性氧類(-OH,O2)造成的過氧化脂質的生成也有抑制作用。因此,GP及MF均具有捕捉自由基的抗氧化作用。
12. 對記憶的影響:據劉干中等用小鼠跳台法和大鼠操作式條件反射法觀察了葛根醇提取物及總黃酮對動物學習記憶功能的影響。結果,兩者均能對抗東莨菪鹼(氫溴酸鹽Scopolamine)所致的小鼠記憶獲得障礙和40%乙醇所致的記憶再障礙,葛根醇提取物尚能對抗東莨菪鹼所致的大鼠操作式條件反射的抑制。研究發現,東莨菪鹼能降低小鼠大腦皮層和海馬乙醯膽鹼含量,並降低海馬乙醯膽鹼轉移酶活性。這可能是葛根能改善學習記憶作用的機制。
此外,葛根還有對體溫的雙相調節作用和改善視力的功能。[1]
13. 止瀉作用
14. 對氧化氮有雙向調節作用。可用於治療精神分裂症【2】
[1](据崔蘇镇等“葛根的藥理作用研究概况”----時珍國藥研究19989(3):279-280)
[2] 遼寧中醫雜誌>33卷6期劉振杰;曹雅靜;曹幸餘http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=376225&issueiid=28832&jnliid=2479
Actions & Indications主治﹕
Diaphoretic (producing or increasing perspiration), antispasmodic, muscle relaxant, antipyretic, help to ripen measles, stopping diarrhea.
Being used in fever and headache in cold or flu, spastic muscles, thirst, diabetes, diarrhea, acute ileus (intestine blockage), measles ripening difficulty, in alcohol hangover, alcohol withdrawal, angina, hypertension, smoking, alcohol, early stage of acute deafness.
Shoots are used as a lactagogue.
The starch is being used in treating diarrhea. Do not add sugar to the starch. See a commercial package of starch here.
發汗,解肌退熱,生津,透疹,升陽止瀉。
用于外感發熱頭痛,顽强,口渴,消渴,热痢,泄瀉﹐高血壓项强痛。煩熱乾渴,高血壓,急性腸梗塞,心絞痛,斑疹不透,眼底病,早期突發性耳聾,酒醉不醒﹐戒煙。
嫩枝用於催乳。
以下節錄自台南科技大學葛根網頁﹕
煨葛根
1. 溼熱瀉痢常以本品與黃芩﹐黃連﹐甘草配伍,增強其清熱止瀉治痢的功效,如『傷寒論』之葛 根芩連湯(5)。
2. 脾虛泄瀉 脾胃虛弱之大便溏瀉,神疲體倦,少氣懶言等症,可以本品配伍炒白朮﹐茯苓﹐人蔘﹐煨木香﹐藿香等藥物,取其健脾行氣,升陽止瀉的功效,如『小兒藥證直訣』之七味白朮散(5)。
3. 葛根粉
(1) 熱病煩渴及消渴病之口渴多飲症本品除與麥冬﹐天花粉﹐地黃等生津止渴藥物配伍使用外,『太平聖惠方』有單用葛根粉煮粥治煩燥熱渴證的記載(5)。
(2) 酒醉飲酒過量﹐酒醉嘔吐者,自古即以葛根為解酒要藥。『千金藥方』有用鮮葛搗汁飲之,治酒醉不醒。『本草衍義』則用葛根粉治酒醉。『普濟方』中枝葛花丸,即以葛根粉和葛花﹐砂仁﹐(草)豆蔻﹐烏梅等同用,治酒醉嘔吐。『儒門事親』中的葛根散亦以葛根與葛花﹐砂仁等合用,治飲酒過度所致酒毒內蘊之證(5)。
Chemical ingredients化學成份﹕
Flavonoids/黃酮類
7-xyloside puerarin/7-木糖葛根素
3'-hydroxypuerarin/3'-羟基葛根素
formononetin/芒柄花素
genistein/金雀异黄素
methylpuerarin/甲基葛 根素
daidzein/大豆素
daidzin/大豆甙
puerarin/葛根素
puerarin-7-xyloside/葛根素-7-木 糖甙
4’-6’-O-diacetylpuerarin/4ˊ,6〃-O-二 乙葛根素
7,4′-diglucoside/7,4′- 二葡萄糖甙
xylopueratin/木葛 根素
miroestrol
Glicoside/配糖體:
4-O-D-glucoside/4-O-D-配 糖
8-C-apiosyl-glucosides/8-C-芹 菜糖基-配 糖
pueroside A, B/葛甙 A, B
Pueranol
Triterpenoids/三萜類:
sophoradiol/槐二醇
soyasapogenols A, B,/大豆皂甙
cantoniensistriol
Alkaloid/生物鹼 ﹕
kassein/卡賽因
Saccharides/糖類﹕
starch (10-15%)/澱粉 (10-15%)
D-mannitol/D-甘露糖醇
D-(±)pinitol/D-(±)松 醇
Saponins/皂素:
β-sitosterol/β-谷 甾 醇
kudzusapogenol A, B, C/葛根皂草精醇
6,7-dimethoxycoumarins/6,7-二甲氧基香豆精
5-methylhydrantoin/5-甲基海因
Arachidic acid/花生酸
Dosage用量﹕
3 to 12 g (dried herb). Fresh herb can be used a few times more.
3~12克(乾藥)。新鮮葛根可用多幾倍。
Samples of formulae處方舉例﹕
Name of Formula: ge gen tang
方名﹕葛根湯
Modern Research現代研究﹕
Ge gen was first described in the Chinese materia medica, Shen Nong Ben Cao ( 200 B.C.) . Both the roots and flowers of ge gen have been used to treat alcohol abuse, drunkenness, and hangover ( "jiu du" or alcohol poisoning) safely and effectively in China for more than a millennium. [1]
Now it has been tested in addiction to smoking and is considered to have the same effect, reducing the addiction in a month time.
Puerarin promotes osteoblast to differentiate by influencing the activity of ALP and promotes bone formation by the meditation of estrogen receptor. [1]
哈佛醫學院的研究人員指出,葛根抽取物可讓得酒癮的老鼠減少酒精的攝取量。他們將老鼠在注射大豆甙,大豆甙元或大豆甙;之後,可自由選擇白開水或是加了酒的水。結果發現,這些原本有酒癮的老鼠減少了百分之50的酒精攝取量。美國目前正在實驗以它來治療酒精中毒。
葛根素對骨形成的作用:通過影響鹼磷酸酶活性,而促進成骨細胞分化。通過雌激素受體介導促進成骨細胞的骨形成效應。[1]
Toxicity & Cautions:
Allergy reaction of injectiones of puerarin: there are cases of hemolytic reaction and resulted in death.
Not to use in cases of instant sweating during summer.
Using too much can damage the digestive function.
多用反傷胃氣(升散太過)。
用葛根素注射液有發生過溶 血症以 致死亡。夏日虛 汗多者忌服。
葛粉:據《本草綱目》,《中華人民共和國藥典》等記載葛粉具:生津止渴,清熱解毒,防暑降溫,養顏護膚,去脂減肥,擴張血管,清除體內垃圾之功效,對風火牙疼,口腔潰瘍,咽喉腫痛,熱咳,高熱,頭痛,疱疹,痔瘡,熱痢,泄瀉,醉酒,前列腺炎等療效;國家中醫藥研究所研究鑒定,葛粉富含高級澱粉,碳水化合物,蛋白質,還含有黃酮,葛根素,葛根素,木糖,大豆黃酮,花生酸等十幾種營養成份及維生素B,C,E;鈣,鋅,磷,鉀等十三種人體必須的礦物質和氨基酸。其中黃酮□價值超過黃金的四倍,在國際上享有“回歸大自然的綠色食品”的美譽。錢江源鄉野牌野葛粉由於生長在國家生態示范區,生態環境特優,因此其藥用價值更高,療效明顯好於同類產品,特別對預防和治療高血壓,高血脂,冠心博□心絞痛,糖尿博□癌症,皮膚肉瘤等有特殊功效。據最新資料顯示:經常飲用野葛粉還能達到身材苗條,乳房發達,皮膚白皙的效果,並能緩解和改善更年期綜合症。
Toxins and Taboo:
Puerarin is currently widely used in clinical applications like ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The therapy period is long. There is a risk of drug accumulation, resulting in toxicity. With the continuous spreading of clinical application of puerarin, the reports of adverse reactions have also increased.
毒素與禁忌﹕
葛根素注射液目前在臨床上廣泛用於缺血性心腦血管疾病的治療。因其臨床應用療程長,易發生藥物蓄積,產生毒性。隨著葛根素注射液在臨床應用的不斷擴展,有關不良反應報告也有所增加。
本品所致的可疑不良反應主要表現為各種類型的過敏反應,以藥物熱,皮疹,過敏性哮喘,全身性過敏反應包括過敏性休克等表現為主。發生過敏反應的潛伏期從十幾分鐘到13天不等,多數在連續用藥過程中出現,經停藥及抗過敏治療後恢復。葛根素注射液還可引起溶血性貧血,患者出現腰痛,排尿困難和血尿,一般停藥和經對症藥物治療後緩解,但有因溶血性貧血致死病例。此外本品還可引起肝,腎損害,患者出現四肢乏力,食欲不振,黃疸以及轉氨酶和血鉀,尿素氮等明顯升高,經過對症治療後肝,腎功能恢復正常。
註﹕
卡賽因 Kassein 對平滑肌有收縮作用。對胃排空延遲者俱有促進作用。
[1} Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2000;97:12493-12497.
Medical Records: JUN 2000 suffered from obstructive hydrocephalus (Taichung Veterans General Hospital)/ 4 SEP 2003 Taichung Veterans General Hospital confirmed suspect subarachnoid cyst 34×12mm(inference 30×10×10mm at 28 AUG)/ 29 SEP 2003 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch surgery to remove the brain tumor, diameter of 47.5mm/ FEB 2007 benign neoplasm of brain/ DEC 2010 China Medical University Hospital Cancer Center for the Chinese medical treatment.
Status
Current conditions ICD-9-CM:
2003
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
2010
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
2012
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
375.15 TEAR FILM INSUFFICIENCY,UNSPECIFIED
367.89 OTHER DISORDERS OF REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
377.61 ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASMS
729.1 MYALGIA AND MYOSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
719.39 PALINDROMIC RHEUMATISM,MULTIPLE SITES
680.0 CARBUNCLE AND FURUNCLE, FACE
378.41 ESOPHORIA
311 DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED
523.8 OTHER PERIODONTAL DISEASES(PERIODONTAL POCKET,GINGIVAL POLYP)
681.02 ONYCHIA AND PARONYCHIA OF FINGER
2013
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
704.8 OTHER DISEASES OF HAIR AND HAIR FOLLICLES
706.1 OTHER ACNE
444.22 ARTERIAL EMBOLISM AND THROMBOSIS OF LOWER EXTREMITY
375.15 TEAR FILM INSUFFICIENCY,UNSPECIFIED
367.89 OTHER DISORDERS OF REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
377.61 ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASMS
378.41 ESOPHORIA
728.85 (728.850) SPASM OF MUSCLE
353.4 LUMBOSACRAL ROOT LESIONS,NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED
780.52 (780.520) OTHER INSOMNIA
788.43 NOCTURIA
2014
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
374.05 TRICHIASIS WITHOUT ENTROPION
372.72 CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
375.15 TEAR FILM INSUFFICIENCY,UNSPECIFIED
367.89 OTHER DISORDERS OF REFRACTION AND ACCOMMODATION
377.61 ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASMS
378.41 ESOPHORIA
2015
225.0 BENIGN NEOPLASM OF BRAIN
345.90 UNSPECIFIED EPILEPSY WITHOUT MENTION OF INTRACTABLE EPILEPSY
705.83 HIDRADENITIS
698.8 OTHER PRURITIC CONDITIONS
686.9 UNSPECIFIED LOCAL INFECTIONS OF SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
686.09 OTHER PYODERMA
272.0 PURE HYPERCHOLESTEROLAEMIA (FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTESTEROLEMIA)
729.1 MYALGIA AND MYOSITIS, UNSPECIFIED
719.39 PALINDROMIC RHEUMATISM,MULTIPLE SITES
377.61 ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASMS
311 DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, NOT ELSEWHERE CLASSIFIED
307.48 REPETITIVE INTRUSIONS OF SLEEP
705.81 DYSHIDROSIS
372.72 CONJUNCTIVAL HEMORRHAGE
680.2 CARBUNCLE AND FURUNCLE, TRUNK
523.3 ACUTE PERIODONTITIS(ACUTE PERICORONITIS)
Current conditions ICD-10-CM:
2016
E780 Pure hypercholesterolemia
G40.909 Epilepsy, unspecified, not intractable, without status epilepticus
L301 Dyshidrosis [pompholyx]
F32.9 Major depressive disorder, single episode, unspecified
D33.2 Benign neoplasm of brain, unspecified
H04.123 Dry eye syndrome of bilateral lacrimal glands
H47.529 Disorders of visual pathways in (due to) neoplasm, unspecified side
H02.052 Trichiasis without entropian right lower eyelid
H11.31 Conjunctival hemorrhage, right eye
H52.6 Other disorders of refraction
H50.51 Esophoria
H02.055 Trichiasis without entropian left lower eyelid
H47.099 Other disorders of optic nerve, not elsewhere classified, unspecified eye
F51.8 Other sleep disorders not due to a substance or known physiological condition
G40.901 Epilepsy, unspecified, not intractable, with status epilepticus
L0881 Pyoderma vegetans
B009 Herpesviral infection, unspecified
J069 Acute upper respiratory infection, unspecified
M79.1 Myalgia
M12.39 Palindromic rheumatism, multiple sites
2016
E780 Pure hypercholesterolemia
G40.909 Epilepsy, unspecified, not intractable, without status epilepticus
L301 Dyshidrosis [pompholyx]
F32.9 Major depressive disorder, single episode, unspecified
D33.2 Benign neoplasm of brain, unspecified
H04.123 Dry eye syndrome of bilateral lacrimal glands
H47.529 Disorders of visual pathways in (due to) neoplasm, unspecified side
H02.052 Trichiasis without entropian right lower eyelid
H11.31 Conjunctival hemorrhage, right eye
H52.6 Other disorders of refraction
H50.51 Esophoria
H02.055 Trichiasis without entropian left lower eyelid
H47.099 Other disorders of optic nerve, not elsewhere classified, unspecified eye
F51.8 Other sleep disorders not due to a substance or known physiological condition
G40.901 Epilepsy, unspecified, not intractable, with status epilepticus
L0881 Pyoderma vegetans
B009 Herpesviral infection, unspecified
J069 Acute upper respiratory infection, unspecified
M79.1 Myalgia
M12.39 Palindromic rheumatism, multiple sites
Current treatment centers:
GP/ The department of Neurosurgical emergency & Critical Care of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Branch/ TCM oncology of China Medical University Hospital Cancer Center/ and Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare
Contents of reference sources:
MIMS- Search drug information/ interaction/ images & medical diagnosis.
Complementary and Alternative Healing University- Dictionary of Chinese Herbs. http://alternativehealing.org
Database 醫砭‧沈藥子 http://yibian.hopto.org
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Wiki http://www.tcmwiki.com/
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