bai bu 百部

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Radix stemonae
Latin name 學名﹕
Stemona sessilifolia (Mig.) Mig. 直立百部
Stemona japonica Mig. 蔓生百部
Stemona tuberosa Lour 對葉百部
Other Names 別名﹕po fu cao 婆婦草 、ye tian men dong 野天門冬
Common Name 英文名﹕stemona root
Distribution 產地 ﹕
Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, hubei, Shandong (S. sessilifolia, S. japonica),
Hubei, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Guizhou, (S tuberosa)
 安徽，江蘇，浙江，湖北，山東 （直 立百部，蔓 生 百部）；湖北，廣東，福建，四川，贵州（對 葉百部）。
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
sweet, bitter, slightly warm
甘﹐苦﹐微溫。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
lung
肺
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
For: Pubic Phthiriasis (head lice, crabs, body lice),  cough, TB, whooping cough.
润肺 下氣止 咳，殺蟲。用于新久咳嗽，肺痨咳嗽，百日咳；外用于頭虱，體虱，蟯虫病，陰虱症。
Chemical ingredients 化學成份－－
Roots of Stemona sessilifolia (Mig.) Mig contain 直立百部塊根含﹕
Stemona sessilifolia  (Mig.) Mig.／直立 百部鹼
Hordonine／霍多 林鹼
Tuberostemonine／對葉 百部鹼
Protostemonine／原百 部鹼
Roots of Stemona japonica Mig. contain 蔓生百部塊根含﹕
Stemonine／百部 鹼
Stemonidine／次百 部鹼
Isostemonidine／異次 百部鹼
Stemonidine／蔓生 百部鹼
Iso stemonamine／異蔓 生百部鹼
Protostemonine／原百 部鹼
Roots of Stemona tuberosa Lour. contain 對葉百部 塊根含﹕
Stemonine／對葉 百部鹼
Isostemonine／異對 葉百部鹼
Hypotuberostemonine／次對 葉百部鹼
Oxotuberostemonine／氧化 對葉百部鹼
Stemine／斯替 明鹼
Dosage 用量﹕3～9 g.
Samples of formulae 處 方舉例 ﹕
1.) For chronic cough, abundance of phlegm: Name of formula: bai bu tang Composition: bai bu, mai dong, sha shen, sang bai pi, bai he, fu ling, di gu pi, yi yi ren, huang qi.
2.) For pinworms: Formula:  raw bai bu 30 g, water 400 c.c. Simmer till 30 c.c. Apply liquid inside colon during night time. Let liquid stay overnight.  Five days is a therapy period.
1.) 久咳不已，咳吐痰涎﹕百 部湯《匯言》：百 部、麥 冬、沙參、桑白皮、百合、茯苓、地骨皮、苡仁、黃耆。。
2.) 用於蟯蟲病﹕每 天用生百部一兩，加水400 毫 升﹐煎取濃汁30毫升，在晚作保留灌腸。五天，為一療程。
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
not to use in cases of pixu (spleen deficient) with loose stool.
脾虛 便溏忌用。
(sources: Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine 中文部份資料來源﹕北京中醫大學)(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

gan lu xiao du dan 甘露消毒丹

Gan Lu Xiao Du Dan originated from Qing Dynasty Wei Zhi Xiu xumingyileian. 
INGREDIENTS:飞滑石,淡芩,茵陈, 藿香,连翘,石菖蒲,白蔻,薄荷,木通,射干,川贝母.Talc, Scute barbata, Capillaris, Agastache, Forsythia, Grassleaf Sweelflag Rhizome, Nutmeg, Mint, Clematis Armandi, Belamcanda, Fritillaria(chuan).
FUNCTION:Removes dampness, clears heat, detoxifies, anti inflammatory.
INDICATION:Fever, fatigue, fever happens in afternoon, sore throat, jaundice, chest fullness, stomach bloating, diarrhea, dark yellow urine. It is widely used in the treatment of Intestinal typhoid, typhus, leptospirosis, jaundice infectious hepatitis, cholecystitis, acute gastroenteritis, bacillary dysentery, rheumatic fever, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, viral myocarditis, mumps, pyelonephritis, frequent premature ventricular beat, early morning diarrhea, impetigo, postpartum insomnia, persistent high fever, summer influenza, chronic gastritis, pneumonia coughing and wheezing, children thrush, fever, influenza, oral ulcers, hand-foot-mouth disease.
A/D: Orally, 3-5 capsules a time, 4-3 times daily, taking it with or without food.
TREATMENT COURSE:1-4 weeks till condition is getting better.
S/E: N/A. 1) pregnant women and children use with caution; 2) the person who is allergic to the product should stop using it. 3) Stop using it during cold/flu or fever.
STORE: Room temperature. Keep out of reach of child.
<甘露消毒丹>

甘露消毒丹出自清·魏之琇《续名医类案》,清代著名温病学家王孟英称之为“治湿温时疫之主方”。
成份：飛滑石，淡芩，茵陳，藿香，連翹，石菖蒲，白蔻，薄荷，木通，射干，川貝母.Talc，鱗甲半枝蓮，茵陳，藿香，連翹，Grassleaf Sweelflag根莖，肉荳蔻，薄荷，威靈仙華山松，射干，貝母（川）。
功能：祛燥濕，清熱，解毒，消炎。
主治：發熱，乏力，發熱發生在下午，咽喉腫痛，黃疸，胸部豐滿，胃痛胃脹，腹瀉，小便深黃。它被廣泛用於腸傷寒，斑疹傷寒，鉤端螺旋體病，黃疸型傳染性肝炎，膽囊炎，急性胃腸炎，細菌性痢疾，風濕熱，過敏性紫癜，病毒性心肌炎，流行性腮腺炎，腎盂腎炎，頻繁的室性早搏，晨起腹瀉的治療，膿皰病，產後失眠，高燒不退，夏天感冒，慢性胃炎，肺炎咳嗽和喘息，兒童畫眉，發燒，感冒，口腔潰瘍，手足口病。
A / D：口服，一次3-5粒，一次，4-3次服用，或與食物服用。
療程：1-4個星期，直到條件也越來越好。
S / E：N / A。 1）孕婦和兒童慎用; 2）的人誰是過敏的產品應停止使用。 3）停止在寒冷/感冒或發燒使用它。
STORE：室溫。請將本品放在兒童不能接觸的地方。

ge gen huang qin huang lian tang 葛根黃芩黃連湯

Name of Formula: ge gen qin lian tang 葛根芩連湯 (shang han lun)
Application: diarrhea, dysentery, hot and thirsty, arrhythmia, protects against lack of oxygen.
Composition:
ge gen 15 g﹐huang qin 9 g﹐huang lian 9 g﹐zhi gan cao  5 g。
Make into decoction and use as tea.
方名﹕ 葛根芩連湯 (葛根黃芩黃連湯) (傷寒論)
葛根 15 克﹐黃芩 9 克﹐黃蓮 9 克﹐炙甘草  5 克。
水煎服。
主解表清裏，清熱解毒。降低心跳速率﹐抗心率不整及抗缺氧。
主治﹕腹瀉﹐痢疾﹐身熱煩渴等症。
(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

huo xiang 藿香

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Herba Agastaches seu Pogostemi
Botanical name 學名﹕Agastache rugosa (Fisch.et Mey.) O. Ktze & Pogostemon  cablin (Blanco) Benth.
Other Names 別名﹕tu huo xiang 土 藿香, guang huo xiang (Pogostemon) 廣藿香。
Common Name 英文名﹕agastache, patchouli, pogostemon (P. cablin), Korean mint
Distribution 產地﹕throughout Chinaa (Agastache); Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan (Pogostemon)
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
acrid, slightly warm.
辛，微温。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
spleen, stomach, lungs.
脾，胃，肺。
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
weak digestion, lack of appetite,  diarrhea/vomiting, dysentery, coughing, bad breath, vomiting and diarrhea or chest or abdomen tightness caused by pixu (spleen deficient) .
消化 不良 ，食慾不振﹐霍亂吐逆 ，痢疾 ，喉痺 ，咳嗽 ，口臭 ， 脾虛胃寒而引起之吐瀉 、 腹或胸悶等 。
Chemical ingredients:[1]
化學成份﹕[1]
Contains evaporating oil 0.28% 含揮發油0.28%
methylchavicol >80% 甲基胡椒酚, 佔80%以上
D-limonene D-香芹烯
α-β Pinene α-β 蒎烯
anisaldehyde 茴香醛
anethole 茴香腦
Also contains: 並含有
d-limonene D - 檸檬烯
caryophyllene 石竹烯
P-Pmethoxycinnamaldehyde 對甲氧基桂皮醛
3-octanone 3-辛酮
1-octen-3-ol 1-辛烯-3-醇
linalool 芳樟醇
1-carypholene 1-丁香烯
β-elemene β-欖香烯
β-humulene β-葎草烯
α-ylangene α-衣蘭烯
β-farnesene α-金合歡烯
γ-cadinene γ-畢澄茄烯
calamenene 菖蒲烯
cis-β，γ-hexenal 順式-β，γ-已烯醛
flavonoids 黃酮類化合物：
acacetin 刺槐素
tilianin 椴樹素
linarin 蒙花甙
agastachoside 藿香甙
isoagastachoside 異藿香甙
agastachin 藿香精
agastacho 黃鹼素類藿香苷
Root contains 根含:
maslinic acid (crateglic acid) 馬斯裡酸（山楂酸)
oleanolic acid 齊墩果酸
3-O-acetyl oleanolic aldehyde 3-O-乙酰基齊墩果醛
robinin 刺槐素
tilianin 椴樹素
agastachoside 藿香甙
daucostero 胡蘿卜甙
β-sitosterol β-谷甾醇
dehydroagastol 去氫藿香酚
1-methylene-2，4a-dimethyl-6，8-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(1，1-dimethyl-hydroxy methyl)-1，2，3，4，10，10a-heptahydro-9-phenanthroxe
1-亞甲基-6，8-二羥基-5-甲氧基-7-（1，1-二 甲基羥甲基）-1，2，3，4，9，10，10，a-七氫-9-菲酮
guang huo xiang contains: 廣藿香含:
sesquiterpene 倍半萜烯
pogostol 廣藿香奧醇
Dosage 用量﹕
5  to 10 g. Fresh herb: 10 to 20 g. Do not boil too long or may lose the effective ingredients of essential oil.
5～10g；鲜品加倍。不宜久煎 以免損失其有效成份之揮發性之精油。
Samples of formulae 處方舉例﹕
See pregnancy nausea formula #2
huo xiang zheng qi san 藿香正氣散
Modern Research 現代研究﹕
The decoction of huo xiang possesses antibiotic effect in vitro on many pahogenic fungi and leptospirosis.
藿香製劑對體外 試驗的 各種病害黴菌與鉤端螺旋體病抑制作用。
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
not to use in yinxu (yin deficient)  with heat and stomach fire.
陰虛 有熱或胃有熱者忌用。
[1]Zhong Hua Ben Cao  中華本草
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu)

shi jue ming 石決明

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Concha Haliotidis.
Zoological  name 拉丁動物學名﹕
Haliotis diversicolor Reeve (雜色鲍，俗稱九 孔螺或九孔鲍 )
Haliotis asinina  (耳鲍)
Haliotis discus hannai Ino （H. gigantea discus Reeve）(皺紋盤鮑)
Haliotis ovina Gmelin (圓鮑螺)
Other Names 別名 ﹕bao yu ke 鮑魚殼，jiu kong luo 九孔螺
Common Name 英文名﹕abalone shell
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
salty, cold.
鹹，寒。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
liver, lung.
肝，肺。
Medical functions 藥理﹕
Antipyretic, sedative, anti-hypertensive, and mimic sympathetic nervous system effects.
Antibiotic effect: the extract possesses the strongest inhibiting effect on Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro. The water extract of the inner layer of the shell could protect the acute infected liver of the laboratory mice that had been poisoned by carbon tetrachloride. The study showed that the ALT obviously was obviously lower than the control group and the liver cells of the medicated group almost did not show any changes. The juice of meat possesses, in vitro, anti Staphyococcus aureus and influenza virus.
1.有清熱，鎮靜，降血壓，擬交感神經的作用。
2.抗感染作用：九孔鮑提取液的抗菌實驗（杯碟法）表明，對金黃葡萄球菌 Staphylococcus aureus，大腸桿菌 E. coli，綠 膿桿菌 Pseudomonas aeruginosa的抑菌效力最強。其貝殼內層水解液經小白鼠抗四氯化碳 carbon tetrachloride 急性中毒（肝炎模型）實驗表明，給藥組谷丙轉 氨酶 ALT 較對照組明顯下降。病理切片觀察對照組肝細胞有明顯壞死灶，而給藥組肝細胞幾無變性。羊鮑魚汁，於體外有抗有金黃色化膿葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus） ，抗流行性感冒病毒的作用。
3.其它作用：九孔鮑酸性提取液對家兔體外，體內凝血時間的影響實驗表明，均具有顯著的抗凝作用（P<0.001）。其貝殼提取液對小白鼠常壓下 缺氨實驗表明有明顯耐氧作用；還可使離體小鼠肺的灌流量增加，擴張氣管，支氣管的平滑肌（擴張率17%）。通過灌胃及腹腔兩種途徑，連續給小白鼠 九孔鮑水煎醇沉澱提取液一周後，測定脾臟特異玫瑰花結 E-rosette 數目表明，具 有免疫抑制作用（P<0.001）。
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
dizziness caused by hypertension;  blurry vision due to cataracts, optic atrophy and night blindness, glaucoma, hot flashes from lung tuberculosis, and gonorrhea.
高血壓所致的頭痛眩暈，白內障，夜盲，綠內障，肺結核 潮熱，淋疾。
Chemical ingredients 化學成份﹕
1.The shells of  Haliotis ovina Gmelin contian more than 90%o f calcium carbonate, some amount of Mg, Na,  Si, Fe, Al, and trace amount of Ti, Mn, Ba, Cu, Cr, P, V, Zn, etc. After hydrolizing 17 kinds of amino acid were obtained, among them:aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, etc. Also contain conchiolin.
2.The shells of Haliotis diversicolor Reeve mainly contain calcium carbonate and some also conhiolin, and inorganic elements of Na, Ca, trace amount of Ti, Mn, Fe, P, Cr, Mg, Zn, Cu etc. The interior of the shells contain the shiny substance like pearl is conchiolin, which after hydrolisis with hydrochloric acid, produces 16 amino acid: glycine, aspartic acid, alanine, serine, glutamic acid etc. The insoluble ashes is about  0.46%。
3. The shell of Haliotis discus hannai Ino （H. gigantea discus Reeve）contain more than 90% calcium carbonate and organic substance of about 3.67%. The inorganic elements are: Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Fe, P, Ti, Mn, Cu, Ni, Sr, Zn, Cl, S, I and among them the ions of phosphates, silcates, sulfates exit. It also contain choline and conchiolin.
4. The shells of Haliotis asinina  calcium carbonate, conchiolin and choline, and other trace minerals.
1.圓鮑 Haliotis ovina Gmelin貝殼含碳酸鈣 90%以上，含少量的鎂，鈉 ，鍶，鐵，硅 (矽)， 鋁，微量的鈦，錳 ，鋇，銅，鉻，磷，釩，鋅等18種元素。水解液含17種氨基酸，有天冬氨酸（aspartic acid），蘇氨酸（threonine） ，絲氨酸（serine），谷氨酸（glutamic acid）等。另含殼角質（conchiolin）。
2.雜色鮑Haliotis diversicolor Reeve貝殼主含碳酸鈣，並含殼角質及無機元素鈉，鈣 ，鈦，錳，鐵，磷，鉻，鎂，鋅，銅等。貝殼的內層具珍珠樣光 澤的殼角質，經鹽酸水解得16種氨基酸，有甘氨酸（glycine） ，天冬氨酸（aspartic acid），丙氨酸（alanine），絲 氨酸 （serine），谷氨酸 （glutamic acid）等。不溶性灰分為 0.46%。
3.皺紋盤鮑 Haliotis discus hannai Ino （H. gigantea discus Reeve）貝殼含碳酸鈣90%以上，有機質 約3.67%。無機元素有鈉，鎂 ，鋁，硅 (矽) ，鉀，鐵，磷，鈦，錳，銅，鎳 ，鍶 ，鋅，氯，硫和碘，其中有磷酸根，硅酸根，硫酸根離子存在。並含膽素，殼角質（conchiolin）。
4.耳鮑 Haliotis asinina  貝殼含碳酸鈣，殼角質（conchiolin）及膽素（ choline)
Dosage 用量﹕
15 to 30 g
15~30 克。
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
use with caution in cases of pixu (spleen deficient)； especially when lack of hydrochloride acid in the stomach should not be using it.
脾 虛慎服；尤其是消化不良，胃酸缺乏者禁服。
Source: Zhong Hua Ben Cao (Chinese Materia Medica)
來源：《中華本草》
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu)

ling gui zhu gan tang 苓桂朮甘湯

Name of formula: ling gui zhu gan tang (Shang Han Lun)
Application: 
Bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, pleurisy, vertigo (Meniere's syndrome), chronic nephritis, palpitations, heart valve disease, dacryocystitis, hypertension, rhinitis, ear problems, emphysema.
Composition:
fu ling 12 g, gui zhi 9 g, (remove skin) 9 g, bai zhu 6 g,  zhi gan cao 6 g.
Add 1200 c.c. of water. Simmer to 600 c.c. Strain and divide liquid into 3 servings. Drink while warm.
Adjustment of formula:
pixu (spleen deficient) and  emphysema: add  dang shen, huang qi........
Warning: 
This formula is warm. Those with abundance of phlegm and yinxu with fire should use the formula with care.
藥方名： 苓桂朮甘湯 《 傷寒論》
現代應用：支氣管哮喘、慢性支氣管炎、胸膜炎，眩暈 (梅尼爾氏綜合症)、慢性腎炎、心悸、心臟瓣膜症、淚囊炎、高血壓、鼻炎、耳疾、肺氣腫。
組成：茯苓 12克， 桂枝去皮 9克，白朮 6克， 炙甘草 6克。
右四味，以水1200 c.c.，煮取 600 c.c.，去滓，分溫三服。
功效：溫陽健脾，利水滲濕。
主治：痰飲病，胸脅支滿，頭眩心悸，短氣而咳，舌淡苔白膩，脈弦滑。
《加減》
脾虛、肺氣腫：加黨參、黃耆。
頭痛、目眩：加當歸、川 芎。
嘔吐、痰多：加半夏、陳皮。
水腫：加重 茯 苓再加豬苓、澤瀉。
心悸甚：加丹參。
咳喘：加麻黃、射干、葶藶子。
寒甚：加乾薑、附子。
白帶：加黨參、牡蠣。
心氣不足：加紅參，丹參、生地黃。
脾虛濕盛泄瀉：合平胃散。
淚囊炎：加 車前子、黃蓮、名明朗湯。
眩暈（梅尼爾氏綜合症）：加黨參10克，鉤藤 15克，石決明10克。
注意禁忌：本方藥性偏溫，痰飲而 陰虚火旺者慎用。
方義：
本方所治之痰飲病，乃中陽不足，脾運失職，氣不化水，聚濕而成，故治宜溫化利水。方中茯苓健脾滲淡利濕；桂枝溫陽降逆，並助茯苓氣化以行水；白朮健脾燥濕，使中焦健運，則水濕自除；炙甘草，健脾補中，調和諸藥。
辨證要點：胸脅支滿（停飲，慢性胃炎），頭眩心悸，短氣，脈弦滑。
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu )

pu ji xiao du yin 普濟消毒飲

Name of Formula: pu ji xiao du yin (Helping all detox drink) (source of formula: Yi Fang Ji Jie)
Application:
Mumps, erysipelas, acute tonsil inflammation, erysipelas, acute tonsilitis,  suppurative parotitis, , lymphnoditis.
Composition:
huang qin, huang lian 15g each,  niu bang zi, lian qiao, bo he, jiang can, xuan shen, ban lan gen,  jie geng 10 g each, chen pi, ma bo, sheng ma, chai hu, gan cao 6 g.
Adjustment:
（a）If biao xia is obvious, and internal heat is less, reduce huang qin to 6 g, huang lian to 6 g, add jin jie10 g, fang feng 9 g。
（b）If biao xia has been relieved, but internal heat is still strong, remove sheng ma，chai hu.
 (c) If there is constipation, add da huang  10 g.

[藥 方名]： 普濟消毒飲:李東垣《醫方集解》
[主 治]：流行性腮腺炎，丹毒，急性扁桃腺炎，化膿性腮腺炎，淋巴結炎。
[组 成]：黃芩，黃蓮各15克，牛蒡子，連翹，薄荷，僵蚕，玄參，板藍根，桔梗各10克，陳皮，馬勃，升麻，柴胡，甘草各6克。水煎服。
[加減法]
  (a) 如果表邪明顯，裡熱較輕，黃芩用量減為6克，黃蓮減為6克，加入荊芥10 克，防風 9克。
  (b) 如果表邪已解，裡熱仍甚，可去升麻，柴胡。
  (c) 如果兼有大便秘結，可加大黃 10克。(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

mu gua 木瓜

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Fructus Chaenomelis
Botanical name 學名﹕
 ▪ Chaenomeles Speciosa (Sweet) Nakai
 ▪ Cydonia sinensis Thouin
Other Names 別名﹕chen mu gua 陳木瓜，xuan mu gua 宣木瓜，ben gua 本瓜，chuan mu gua 川木瓜。
Common Name 英文名﹕fruit of flowering quince
Distribution 產地﹕
Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Sichuan.
安徽，湖北，浙江， 四川。
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
sour, slightly warm
酸，微温。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
liver, spleen.
肝，脾。
Medical functions 藥理﹕
1. regulated autonomous nervous system
2. anti-inflammatory
3. anti-rheumatism
4. anti-diuretic
5. analgesic
6. relieve spastic muscles effect
1. 調節植物神經，
2. 抗炎，
3. 抗風濕，
4. 抗利尿，
5. 鎮痛，
6. 緩解肌肉痙攣等作 用
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
Being used for sciatica, restless leg syndrome, cervical spondylosis, bone spurs,  arthritis, pain in loin and knee joints, beriberi with edema,  lack of strength in legs and knees, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic eczema, acute hepatitis with jaundice, prevent cirrhosis of liver resulting in ascites, spasm of gastrocnemius muscle (calf), vascular headache, for lowering blood lipids and overweight
用於治療坐骨神經痛，不寧腿綜合症，頸椎病，骨質增生，濕痺拘孿，腰膝關節炎疼痛，腳氣水腫，腰腿 腳膝無力，風濕，頑癬，急性黃膽性肝炎，防治肝硬變腹水，腓腸肌痙攣，血管神經性頭痛，降脂減肥。
Chemical ingredients 化學成份﹕
Seven compounds were isolated and the structures of these compounds were identified as oleanolic acid(1), betulinic acid(2), 3-O-acetyl pomolic acid(3), ethyl chlorogenate(4), protocatechuic acid(5), gallic acid(6), kojic acid(7), respectively. Conclusion Compounds 4-7 are isolated from the Chaenomeles genus for the first time.. [1]
分別鑒定為齊敦果酸(oleanolic acid, 1)、白樺酸(betulinic acid, 2)、3-O-乙 酰坡模酸(3-O-acetyl pomolic acid, 3)、綠原酸乙酯(ethyl chlorogenate, 4)、原兒茶酸(protocatechuic acid, 5)、沒食子酸(gallic acid, 6)、麴酸 (kojic acid, 7)。　化合物4~7為木瓜屬中首次分離得到的化合物 。[1]
Daly Dosage 每日用量﹕9 -15 g
Samples of formulae 處方舉例﹕
 ▪ For treatment of spasm of gastrocnemius muscle (calf):
   Composition: mu gua, bai shao,  gan cao.
   Make into decoction and use as tea.
   治療腓腸肌痙攣: 木瓜， 白芍 ， 甘 草。
   水煎服。
 ▪ For treatment of muscles pain, muscle atrophy:
   Composition:  zi jing pi 75 g (stir fry with rice wine), dang gui 18.75 g, chuan niu xi     11.25 g, qiang huo 7.5 g, mu gua 11.25 g
   Use 3 kilograms of good quality rice wine. Use double cook and cook for about an hour. Leave it overnight before using as drinking wine. (Source: Yunnan Materia Medica)
   治筋骨疼痛，痰火 痿軟，濕氣流痰：
   處方：紫 荊皮 二兩(酒炒)，當 歸五錢，川 牛膝三錢，川羌活二錢，木瓜三錢。上好酒 五斤，重湯 （隔水燉）煎一炷香（大若一小時）為度，露一夜，去火毒用。(《滇南本草》)
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
Do not use in cases of cold or influenza. Excessive use may harm the teeth and bones.
外感風寒者忌用。長期過度服用宣木瓜可能對牙齒與骨骼有害。 

Note: the herb "mu gua" is not the same as mu gua eaten as fruit, which is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya.
There is a book, Bare Foot Doctor Manual, publish by U.S. government, lists mu gua as fruit of Carica papaya. It is in correct.
註：藥用的木瓜也叫做宣木瓜，與當水果吃的木瓜不同。水果木瓜是Carica papaya 樹的果實，也叫做番木瓜。有一本美國政府出版的赤腳醫生手冊，把中藥木瓜當作水果木瓜。那是錯誤的。
[1]http://www.ceps.com.tw/ec/ecjnlarticleView.aspx?atliid=603627&issueiid=42235&jnliid=1426
(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

xie bai 薤白，jiu bai 韭白，jiu cai 韭菜

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Herb Alliituberosi
Botanical name 學名﹕Allium tuberosum Rottler
Other Names 別名﹕jiu 韭，shan jiu 山韭，feng ben 豐本，bian cai 扁 菜，cao zhong ru 草鐘乳，qi yang cao 起陽草，chang sheng jiu 長生韭，lan ren cai 懶 人菜。
Common Name 其他外文名﹕English: Chinese leeks，Tagalog, Cebuan: kutsay，Nepalese: dundoku sag，Indonesian: bawang kucai。
Distribution 產地﹕
whole China.
全中國。
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
Seed: acrid, sweet, warm
葉：甘 ，辛，鹹，溫。
根：辛。
韭子：辛，甘，溫。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
Seed: kidney, liver.
Leaves: stomach, liver, kidney.
Roots: liver.
韭菜籽：腎，肝。
葉：胃，肝，腎。
根：肝。
Medical functions 藥理﹕
The sulfur compound in jiu cai can help absorb vitamin A and B1.
Effect on cardiovascular system: its sulfur containing substance and ascorbic acid can improve the activities of endotthelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs) thus  promoting vasodilation and lowering blood pressure, improving capillary circulation, and anti arterio-sclerosis.[7]
May inhibit stomach and asophagus cancer. [4]
jiu cai extract inhibited cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. Oral administration of jiu cai extract significantly reduced lung metastases [5]
韭菜中的硫化物能幫助人體吸收維 生素B1及維生素A
有抗胃癌，食道癌之作用。[4]
韭菜提取物抑制腫瘤細胞的生長和誘導的凋亡。中國韭菜提取物口服顯著降低肺癌的轉移[5]。
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
Jiu cai is used as stimulating tonic. It possesses the effects of improving digestion, enhancing mental alertness, warming. Roots and leaves and be juiced and can be used for anti inflammation, arresting bleeding and pain. It is suitable for gan shen yin xu (liver-kidney yin deficient) with sweating during sleep, bed wetting, frequent urination, impotence, priapism, spermatorrhea, esophagus cancer, nausea, dysentery, abdomen pain, menses sickness, pain during menses, bleeding not during menses, vagina discharge, injuries from impact, vomiting blood, nose bleeding.  Being use inyinxu (yin deficient), immature ejaculation and spermtorrhea.
為振奮性強壯藥，有健胃，提神，溫暖作用。根，葉搗汁有消炎止血，止痛之功。適用於肝腎陰虚盜汗，遺尿，尿頻，陽痿，陽強不倒，遺精，夢遺，噎隔 (食管癌)，反胃，下痢，腹痛，婦女月經病，痛經，經漏，帶 下以及跌打損傷，吐血，鼻衄等症，用於補陰 虛，精關不固等。
Chemical ingredients 化學成份﹕
Four new steroidal saponins have been isolated from the seeds of Allium tuberosum: 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25S,20R)-20-O-methyl-5α-furost-22(23)-en-2α,3β,20,26-tetraol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (1); 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25S,20R)-5α-furost-22(23)-en-2α,3β,20,26-tetraol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (2); 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25S,20S)-5α-furost-22(23)-en-2α,3β,20,26-tetraol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (3); and 26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(25S,20S)-5α-furost-22(23)-en-3β,20,26-triol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-d-glucopyranoside (4).【1】
The plant contains: vitamin C, B1, B2, niacin, carotene, carbohydrates, and mineral. It also contain high level of fiber.
韭菜籽：四種新的甾體皂甙曾於韭菜籽分離出來。請看以上英文部分。
韭菜含 ：維生素C，維生素B1，維生素B2，尼克酸，胡蘿卜素，碳水化合物及礦物質。韭菜還含有豐富的纖維素。
Dosage 用量﹕
100 g to 200 g per meal.
Seed used in decoction: 6~12 g; or make into powder or pills.
每餐100克至200克。
韭子用量：6～12克，煎湯；或入丸散。
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
It is not suitable for those who are yinxu (yin deficient). Because of its abundance of coarse fiber, it is not easy to be digested. Easting too much can irritate the the wall of the intestines and cause diarrhea.
According to Ben Cao Gang Mu eating too much jiu cai can lead to blurry eyesight and confusion or even coma 【2】. It should be avoided especially after drinking alcohol.
陰虛及 熱性病症的人不宜食用。韭菜的粗纖維多，不易消化吸收，，否則大量粗纖維可刺激腸壁而引起腹瀉。
《本 草綱目》 ：“韭菜多食則神昏【3】目暗，酒後尤 忌”。
凝集素 （lectins)
【1】【1】http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf001062b
【2】Jiu cai (Chinese leek) is high in oxalic acid. People with metabolism problems such as diabetes may be prone to developing kidney stones of calcium oxalate. Calcium oxalate can damage the kidneys and cause coma.
【3】神昏指昏迷，譫妄，昏蒙等神志異常的表現，是溫病常見的急危重證之一。本條是指腎臟機能衰竭而 致昏迷。韭菜含草酸很高。多吃（尤其有糖尿病者）能致草酸鈣之形成。草酸鈣的腎結石鋒利能損傷腎臟而致昏迷。
[4] http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1882005
[5] J Altern Complement Med. 2001 Oct;7(5):517-22.
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu)

yuan zhi 遠志

Pharmaceutical name: Radix Plygalae Tenuifoliae
Biological name: Polygala tenuifolia Willd. & Polygala sibirica L. (卵葉遠志)
Distribution:
Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Jilin
山西，陝西，河北，河南，吉林。
Properties (characteristics) 性 味:
bitter, acrid, slghtly warm
苦，辛，略溫。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經:
heart, lung
心，肺。
Actions & Indications:
for insomnia, forgetfulness, palpitation with fright, cough with abundance of phlegm, cough with difficulty in expelling phlegm, emotional and disorientation with abundance of phlegm, seizures, anxiety, listlessness, boils, abscesses, sores, tumor of breasts, swollen and painful breast,
用 於 失 眠﹐ 健 忘﹐ 驚 悸﹐ 咳 嗽 痰 多 ， 咳 嗽 咯 痰 不 爽﹐ 痰 迷 神 昏﹐ 癲 癇 發 作﹐ 煩 躁 不 安﹐神 志 不 清﹐ 瘡 瘍 腫 毒﹐ 瘡 癰 初 起﹐ 乳 癰 腫 痛 等 。
Medical function 藥理作用﹕
(1). Expectorant effect
       In studies with mice, a water decoction of 15g/kilo of body weight, taken internally, had an expectorant effect. This could be because the ingredient saponin stimulates the mucus lining of the stomach. This in turn triggers the bronchii to secrete more mucus. According to the traditional Materia Medica, the part of yuan zhi that has been used is the skin of the root. But now the whole root is used, including the middle part. But according to chemical ingredients, the skin of the root and the middle part are different. With mice, using the skin alone, the smallest effective amount is 1.25 grams/kilo. Using the middle wooden part of the root alone, the amount of 50 grams/kilo has no effect at all. The wooden part of the root contains very little saponin -- only 4 per cent of the amount contained in the skin. There is also a report that 1 gram /kilo of yuan zhi decoction infused into the stomachs of anesthetized dogs had no expectorant effect.
(2). Calming effect
(3)  Lower blood pressure
(4)  Blood thinning effect
(5)  Effect on uterus
(6) Anti cancer effect
(7) Antibiotic effect
藥理作用﹕
(1) 袪痰
(2) 鎮靜
(3) 降血壓
(4) 溶血作用
(5) 對子宮作用
(6) 抗突 變﹐抗癌作用
(7) 抗菌
Chemical ingredients 化學成份﹕
1. (onjisaponin) A, B, C, D, E, F, G[1, 2] ; (tenuifolin); (2beta, 27-dihydroxy-23-carboxyoleanolic acid 3-beta-O-glucoside); (tenuigenin A); (tenuigenin B).
2. (onjixanthone); (1, 6-dihydroxy-3, 7-dimethoxy xanthone); (1-hydroxy-3, 6, 7-trimethoxy xanthone)[4].
3. (5-anhydro-D-sorbitol); (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine)[5].
4. (3, 4, 5-trimethoxy-cinnamic acid)[1]; (polygalitol); (tenuidine).
Dosage 用量:
5 to 10 g in decoction.
5 ~ 10 克。入煎劑。
Cautions 禁 忌 ：
Not to use in cases of heat is abundance, and where heat toxin and the body functions are over active. Use caution in cases of pixu (spleen deficient).
實 熱 熾 盛﹐ 熱 毒 陽 盛 者 忌 服 ， 脾 虛 者 慎 服 。
(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

xiao feng san 消風散

Application: Athlete's foot, contact dermatitis, eczema, fungal infection, psoriasis, purpura, severe itching (burning pain after scratching),  urticaria ,  prurigo  ,  allergic dermatitis, pityriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, (seborrhea, Seborrheic eczema), excoriation with bleeding,  white or yellow coating (may be greasy) tongue, floating, forceful, rapid  pulse.
Composition:
jing jie 6 g，fang feng 6 g，niu bang zi 10 g，can tui 6 g，cang zhu  10 g，ku shen 10g，zhi mu 10 g，shi gao10 g，dang gui 10 g，sheng di huan 10 g，hu ma ren 10 g，bai zhi 6 g，qiang huo 6 g。
Add water and simmer for 45 minutes and use as tea. Use 2 to 3 prescription per week.
藥方名：消風散
主治： 治風熱上攻，頭目昏痛，項背拘急，鼻嚏聲重，腳癬，接觸性皮炎，濕疹，霉菌感染，銀痟病，紫斑，皮 膚瘙癢 （抓之更痛癢)，風疹， 癢疹，皮脂溢, 表皮脫落兼有出血 ，桃花癬 (糠疹，春季皮炎，過敏性皮炎，脂溢性皮炎), 舌苔色白或黄 或油膩，脉浮數而有力。
組成：荊芥 6克，防 風 6克，牛 蒡子 10克，蟬 蛻 6 克，蒼 朮   10克，苦 參 10克，知 母 10克，石 膏10克，當 歸 10克，生 地黃 10克，胡 麻仁 10克，白 芷6克，羌 活 6克。
加水煎 45 分鐘。 每周用 两， 三剤。
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu)

Shentong Zhuyu Tang 身痛逐瘀湯

Source︰Yi Lin Gai Cuo
Ingredients︰
▪ Qin Jiao 3 g,
▪ Chuan Xiong 6 g,
▪ Tao Ren 9 g,
▪ Hong Hua 9 g,
▪ Qiang Huo 3 g,
▪ Gan Cao 6 g,
▪ Mo Yao 6 g,
▪ Dang Gui 9 g,
▪ Ling Zhi 6 g,
▪ Xiang Fu 3 g,
▪ Niu Xi 9 g,
▪ Di Long 6 g.
【Explanation】
Qin Jiao and Qiang Huo: Expelling wind and eliminating dampness.
Tao Ren, Hong Hua, Dang Gui and Chuan Xiong: Activating blood and eliminating blood stasis.
Mo Yao, Wu Ling Zhi, Xiang Fu: promoting the circulation of qi and blood, alleviating pain.
Niu Xi and Di Long: Unblocking collateral.
Gan Cao: Tempering the actions of all the ingredients.
Effect︰
Activate blood and eliminate stasis, expel wind and eliminate dampness, treat rheumatic arthritis and alleviate pain.
Indications︰
Lumbocrural pain, brachialgia, shoulder pain, ache all over, rheumatic arthritis with blood stasis.
Administration︰
Decoct in water for oral dose to be taken twice.
(by WWW.TCMWIKI.COM)
來源︰醫林改錯
【製法用量】秦艽3克、川芎6克、桃仁9克、紅花9克、甘草6克、羌活3克、沒藥6克、當歸9克、五靈脂6克、香附3克、牛膝9克、地龍6克。
【功效】活血祛瘀、疏風除濕、通痹止痛。
【主治】氣血瘀阻經絡所致肩臂疼痛，腰腿痛、或周身肌肉，關節疼痛，痛有定處，舌質紫暗或有瘀點，脈沈弦者。
【方義】痹痛經久不愈，氣血運行不暢，最易引起瘀血凝滯，故肢節按之更痛，唇舌青紫。方用桃仁、紅花、當歸、川芎、沒藥活血化瘀止痛；五靈脂、地龍祛瘀通絡；秦艽、羌活祛全身風濕；香附理氣止痛；牛膝強壯筋骨；甘草調和諸藥。組合成方，功能宣通氣血痹阻，治療久痛入絡。
【辨證要點】
1. 神經痛關節痛屬血瘀氣滯者。
2. 痛處固定。
3. 舌質紫或有瘀點。
4. 脈沈弦或沈澀。
【加減】
1. 偏於上肢者：加薑黃、防風、桂枝。
2. 偏於腰腿者：加獨活、川斷、牛膝、桑寄生。
3. 偏風痛流走者：加防風。
4. 偏寒掣痛甚者：加桂枝、細辛。
5. 偏濕著痛微腫者：加防己、薏苡仁、蒼朮。
6. 關節拘急屈伸不利：加伸筋草、全蠍、蜈蚣。
7. 挾濕熱關節紅腫：加蒼朮、黃柏、防己。
8. 久病氣虛：加人參、黃耆。
【現代應用】本方擴張血管，促進血液循環，鎮痛，消炎，抗風濕。用於肩周圍炎、五十肩、風濕性關節炎、類風濕性關節炎、神經痛、僵直性脊椎炎、肢體麻木、肌痛肌炎。
  (by 醫砭‧沈藥子 )

Wen Qing Yin 溫清飲

The Prescription of Wen Qing Yin 溫清飲
Source︰The book Wan Bing Hui Chun
Ingredients︰
▪ Dang Gui 4.5 g,
▪ Bai Shao 4.5 g,
▪ Shu Di Huang 4.5 g,
▪ Chuan Xiong 4.5 g,
▪ Huang Lian 4.5 g,
▪ Huang Qin 4.5 g,
▪ Huang Bo 4.5 g,
▪ Zhi Zi 4.5 g.
Explanation︰
▪  Shu Di: Nourishing the kidney, enriching blood and replenishing essence.
▪  Dang Gui: Soothing the liver and tonifying blood.
▪  Shao Yao: Astringing the liver to alleviate pain.
▪  Chuan Xiong: Promoting the circulation of blood and removing the stagnation of Qi, thus preventing other sticky-natured tonics in this prescription from bringing about the stagnation of Qi and blood.
▪  Huang Qin: Clearing the fire of upper-jiao.
▪  Huang Lian: Clearing the fire of middle-jiao.
▪  Huang Bo: Clearing the fire of lower-jiao.
▪  Zhi Zi: Clearing heat syndrome of heart, liver and stomach.
Effect︰Tonify blood and clear heat, regulate menstruation and remove toxicity.
Indications︰Abnormal menstruation, sores and boils, diabetes, unhealing aphtha, skin itch, uterine bleeding, abdominal pain.
Administration︰Decoct in water for oral dose to be taken on empty stomach.
(TCM Wiki site by WWW.TCMWIKI.COM)
方名︰溫清飲
來源︰沈氏尊生書
【製法用量】當歸、川芎、白芍、熟地、黃芩、黃柏、梔子、黃連。
【功效】清熱化濕、養血和營。
【主治】婦人濕熱下迫胞宮或如豆汁，血色相雜，其氣腐臭、面色萎黃、臍腹刺痛、寒熱往來，崩漏不止等。
【方義】本方係由黃連解毒湯合四物湯所組成。方中黃連、黃芩、黃柏、梔子即黃連解毒湯，清熱解毒，能通瀉三焦火毒、導邪熱從小便而出，而清化濕熱蘊結之毒。當歸、川芎、白芍、熟地即四物湯，能養血和營，活血調經暢通氣血。以四物湯溫養和營，黃連解毒湯清熱燥濕，溫清合用故名。
【加減】
1. 腹脹者：加陳皮。
2. 氣虛者：加人參、白朮、木香。
3. 心悸者：加茯苓。
4. 虛寒者：加乾薑。
5. 崩漏不止：加阿膠、艾葉。
6. 帶下陰癢：加金銀花、連翹、車前子、蛇床子。
7. 行經少腹痛：加陳皮、香附、延胡索。
【注意禁忌】脾胃虛寒者慎用。
【現代應用】卵巢炎、子宮內膜炎、宮頸炎、盆腔炎、功能性子宮出血、月經不調等屬濕熱下迫胞宮者可化裁應用。亦可應用於皮膚疾病如濕疹乾癬、蕁麻疹屬血虛熱鬱者。
(by 醫砭‧沈藥子 http://yibian.hopto.org/fang/?fno=723)

tian hua fen 天花粉

Pharmaceutical name 英文药名：
Radix Trichosanthis
Semen Trichosanthis
Pericarpium Trichosanthis
Biological name 拉丁學名：Trichosanthes kirilowii, Maxim, or Trichosanthes japonica, Regel.
Other Names 別名：
tian hua fen originally was called gua lou gen, also called hua fen.
原名括簍根，栝樓根， 簡稱花粉
Common Name 英文名：
trichosanthes root, Chinese cucumber root
Distribution 分佈：
throughout China, especially in Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi
全中國，尤其是山東， 河北，山西，陕西。
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
root: sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold
瓜蔞根：味甘微苦酸微寒
gua lou pi (pericardium trichosanthis): carmel like kind of smell, bland, slightly sour.
瓜蔞皮：具焦糖氣，味淡、微酸。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
lung, stomach
歸肺、胃經
Actions & Indications:
Clears lung heat, dissolves phlegm, for cough with thick phlegm, rid of toxicity, expels pus; for treatment of chlorion epithelioma, hydatidiform mole.
用於熱病煩渴， 肺熱燥咳， 內熱消渴 ， 瘡瘍腫毒﹐治絨毛膜上皮癌及惡性葡萄胎。
Modern Applications 現代應用:
hydatidiform tumor 葡萄胎腫瘤:
tian zao combination formula: tian hua fen 60mg, ya zao jiao 25 mg ground into fine powder and put into capsules. Insert into vagina once every 5 to 7 day. Treated 7 patients. Those had hydatiform tumors, 5 patients, all healed. 2 patients with chorion-epothelioma (絨癌 ), not effective. Using tian zao combination formula and chemo therapy: 19 patients, healed 13, ineffective 6. Using tian zao combination formula and chemo therapy plus surgery: 65 patients, healed 54, ineffective 11. [4]
Medical Function 藥理﹕
1. Tian hua fen effects on the cardiovascular system:
    Tian hua fen can increase coronary blood flow. Injectiones of trichosanthes bark (gua lou pi) decoction and alcohol precipitation concentrates on in vitro guinea pig hearts can expand coronary artery and can empower coronary blood flow by about 60% on acute myocardial ischemia and can have a significant protective effect. The strength of coronary artery expansion effect of the different parts of the herb is: Trichosanthes skin> gua lou xiang> Trichosanthes sub> Trichosanthes Ren> Trichosanthes shell.
    Tian hua fen have antiarrhythmic effects.
    Tian hua fen can inhibit cardiac function.
2. Tian hua fen can significantly reduce heart rate, left ventricular pressure peak, dp / dtmax, Rdp / dtmaxVmax and Vpm other indicators, but also significantly reduce arterial pressure peak, DPB and MAP.
3. Tian hua fen has expectorant effect. The active ingredient is the total amino acids of the skin of the fruit.
4. Tian hua fen has purgative effects: the intensity is Trichosanthes Ren> Trichosanthes skin> Tian hua fen cream.
5. Tian hua fen possesses anticancer effects.
6. Tian hua fen possesses hypoxia tolerance.
7. Tian hua fen on the blood system: Tian hua fen inhibits platelet aggregation, and its active ingredient is tian hua fen acids. Tian hua fen can significantly reduce the hematocrit and blood viscosity.
8. Tian hua fen can elevated blood sugar.
9. Tian hua fen can inhibit intestinal contractions.
10. Tian hua fen possesses antibacterial effect on a variety of bacteria, bacteria and Audubon Ang's small spores rubrum 
11. Anti HIV effect.
12. Tian hua fen can significantly reduce gastric acid secretion and gastric acid concentration, and have anti-ulcer effect, but also reduce ulcers caused by acid.
13. Tian hua fen effects on macrophages:  administered at low concentrations, Tian hua fen can enhance the role of macrophages, but at high concentrations of short duration it also show enhancing effect but for a long duration (72 hours) it can cause damage to the macrophages. 
14. Tian hua fen has anti-aging effect
15. Tian hua fen possesses the effects of abortion and inducing delivery
16. In large dosage and prolong administering it can inhibit the imumme system.
17. Anti-cancer effect
18. Inhibits protein synthesis
瓜蔞對心血管系統的作用：
瓜蔞可增加冠脈流量。瓜蔞皮水煎醇沉濃縮劑瓜蔞注射液對豚鼠離體心臟均有擴張冠脈作用，能使冠脈血流量增加約60%，對大鼠急性心肌缺血有明顯的保護作用 。其不同部位擴冠作用強度是：瓜蔞皮＞瓜蔞霜＞瓜蔞子＞瓜蔞仁＞瓜蔞殼。
瓜蔞有抗心律失常作用 。
瓜蔞對心功能有抑制作 用。
瓜蔞可顯著降低心律、左室內壓峰值、dp/dtmax、Rdp/dtmaxVmax及Vpm等指標，還能顯著降低動脈壓峰值、DPB和MAP。
瓜蔞有祛痰作用，其有效成分是從瓜蔞皮中分得的總氨基酸。
瓜蔞有瀉下作用，強度 是瓜蔞仁＞瓜蔞皮＞瓜蔞霜。
瓜蔞有抗癌作用。
瓜蔞有耐缺氧作用。
瓜蔞對血液系統的影響 ：瓜蔞有抑制血小板聚集作用，其有效成分是瓜蔞酸。瓜蔞可明顯降低紅細胞壓積及血液粘度。
瓜蔞有升高血糖的作用 。
瓜蔞有抑制腸管收縮的 作用。
瓜蔞有抗菌作用，對多 種球菌、桿菌及奧杜盎氏小芽孢癬菌等有一定抑制作用。
瓜蔞能明顯降低大鼠胃 酸分泌及胃酸的濃度，有抗潰瘍作用，還能減輕乙酸引起的潰瘍。
瓜蔞對巨噬細胞的影響 ：在低濃度給藥條件下，瓜蔞對巨噬細胞有促進作用，高濃度短時間內也表現為促進作用，而長時間（72小時）後則呈損傷狀態。大劑量可能抑制免疫系統。
抗癌作用
抑制蛋白質生成。
瓜蔞有延緩衰老作用
抗人類免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)
Chemical ingredients 化學成份：
1. Protein (蛋白質)
    a. Trichosanthin (天花粉蛋白)with molecule weight of 24,000, and the isoelectric point (等電點 ) is 9.4, is a simple protein that does not possess phosphorous acid groups. Trichosanthin is being used clinically in inducing delivery and it possesses effects of anti hydatiform tumor (葡萄胎 ) and HIV.
    b. Karasurin (堕胎蛋白)with molecule weight of 28,000, possesses the effects of abortion and inducing delivery in pregnant laboratory mice. It also inhibits the imumme system
    c. α-momorcharin (α-苦瓜素), molecule weight 29,000 and beta-momorcharin, molecule  weight 28,000, both contain 1.6% and 1.3% of neutral sugar. Like trichosanthin,  they also contain asparagic acid  (天 冬氨酸)and glutamic acid (麩氨酸), and do not contain cysteine (半胱氨酸 ).
2. Polysaccharides (多糖類)
    a. It is a source of calories. It improves the imumme system, and possesses effects of anti cancer and the toxic activities from the cells. The multi-sugar consists of glucose(葡萄糖), fruitose (果糖), cerebrose (半乳糖 )， mannose (甘露糖 ), xylose (木糖 ) and small amount of protein.
3. Plant Agglutinin (凝集素)
    a. TK I, TK II, TK II
4. Enzyme (酶)
5. Amino Acids (氨基酸)
6. Others (其他): β-sitosterol, α-spinasteryl-beta-D-glucoside, α-spinasterol- palmitate, ∆-7-stigmastenol-6'-(Z,z)-9,12-octadecadienoyl-beta-d-glucopyranoside,
7. Newly isolated: 1-deoxy-1-[2'-oxo-1'-pyrrolidinyl]-2-n-butyl-α-fructofuranoside and isoarvenin III (異海綠甾苷） [1]
Dosage 用量：9 - 15 g
Samples of formulae 處方舉例：
◇ chai hu gui zhi gan jiang tang 柴胡桂枝乾薑湯
◇ San Zhong Kui Jian Tang 散腫潰堅湯
Cautions 禁忌：
not to be used by pregnant women or in cases of pixu (speen deficient) or weixu (stomach deficient)。
Large dosages and/or long term usage can be toxic to kidneys.
懷孕或脾 虛者忌用。大劑量或長期服用可能對腎臟有毒。
Source (in Chinese)：Zhong Hua Ben Cao 中華本， Zhong Yao Da zhi Dian 中藥大辭典。
Noted:
[1] J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2012;14(6):528-32. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2012.672410
Hydatidiform tumor Alternative Names﹕ hydatidiform mole, trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Definition:
A hydatidiform tumor occurs when a fetus is not able to fully form in the uterus and the fetal tissue becomes a tumor.
(by Joe Hing Kwok Chu)

bai xian pi 白鮮皮

Pharmaceutical name 英文藥名﹕Dictamni Radicis Cortex.
Botanical name 學名﹕
Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. (Korean bai xian 朝鮮白鮮)
Dictamnus albus L.
Skimmia repens
Other Names 別名﹕bei xian pi 北鮮皮、shan mu dan 山牡丹、bai tan 白膻
Common Name 英文名﹕burning bush root
Distribution 產地﹕
Mainly in Liaoning, Hebei, Jiangsu, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, also in Heilongjiang.
主產: 遼寧 、河北、山東 ；江蘇 、山西、内蒙古、吉林、黑龍江也有生產 。 。
Properties (characteristics) 性味﹕
bitter, cold.
苦，寒。
Channels (meridians) entered 歸經﹕
spleen, stomach, bladder.
歸脾、胃、膀胱經。
Medical functions 藥理﹕
Antifungal effect
Stimulatory effect on heart and increases cardiac output of frogs. Marked vasospastic  (constriction of blood vessels) effect on rabbit aural blood vessels.
Effect on smooth muscle: stimulates the smooth muscles of the uterus of rabbits and guinea pigs.
Actions & Indications 主治﹕
wet type of eczema, rashes, ringworm, jaundice with dark urine.
功能 清熱燥濕，祛風解毒。 用于濕熱瘡毒，黃水淋漓，濕疹，風疹， 疥癬瘡癩，風濕熱痹，黃疸尿赤。
Chemical ingredients 化學成份﹕
Roots contain 根含:
dictamnine 白鮮鹼
skimmianine 茵芋鹼
γ-fagarine γ-崖椒鹼
preskimmianine 前茵芋鹼
isomaculosindine 異斑沸林草鹼
limonin 檸檬苦素
dictamnolactone 白鮮內酯
obakunone 黃柏酮
dasycarpamin 白鮮明鹼
obacunonic acid 黃柏酮酸
fraxinellone 梣酮
trigonelline 胡蘆巴鹼
choline 膽鹼
b-stosterol b -穀甾醇
acidic substances 酸性物質
saponins 皂甙
Whole plant contains 全株尚含:
aurapten 葡萄柚內酯
bergapten 香檸檬內酯
Portion above ground contains 地上部分還含:
psoralen 補骨脂內酯
xanthotoxin 花椒毒素
evaporating oil 揮發油
Dosage 用量﹕
4.5 g to 20 g. Concentrated extract 0.5 to 2 g. External use: appropriate amount. Boil with water and wash the affect area or make into powder and apply on affected area.
4.5～10克 ；濃縮中藥：0.5～2 克。外用適 量 ，煎湯 洗或研粉敷。
Samples of formulae 處方舉例﹕
For eczema, itchy rash: di fu zi15 g, bai xian pi  9 g, chuan bi bo 12 g, ku shen , ye ju hua 98 g each, sheng di huang 12 g, chi shao yao, dang gui  9 g each. Make into decoction with water. Drink as tea.
治濕疹，癢疹： 地膚子 15g， 白蘚皮 9g，川萆薄12g，苦 參、野 菊 花 各98g，生 地黃12g，赤 芍、當 歸 各9g。 水煎服。(《 中藥臨床應用》除濕消疹湯)  
Toxicity & Cautions 毒素與禁忌﹕
not to use in cases of cold from deficiency.
虚寒者忌用。
(by Joe Hing kwok Chu)